UAMS CON Exam 2 Respiratory & Cardiovascular Terms

Questions and Answers

What is cyanosis?

Blue coloration of skin or mucous membranes due to low oxygen saturation (correct)

Abnormally slow breathing

Difficult or labored breathing

Coughing up blood

What does dyspnea refer to?

Difficult or labored breathing

What is bradypnea?

Abnormally slow breathing

What is tachypnea?

Abnormally rapid breathing Signup and view all the answers

What does apnea mean?

Pauses or suspensions in breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is hemoptysis?

Coughing up blood Signup and view all the answers

What is orthopnea?

Shortness of breath when in a recumbent position that is relieved by sitting or standing Signup and view all the answers

Define paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.

Shortness of breath that awakens the patient at night Signup and view all the answers

What are crackles?

Sounds that are similar to a fine popping sound caused by excess fluid in the pleural spaces Signup and view all the answers

What are wheezes?

High-pitched whistling sound often heard on expiration due to narrowed airways Signup and view all the answers

What is rhinosinusitis?

Inflammation of nasal passages caused by viruses, polyps, bacterial infection, changes in barometric pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease caused by the influenza virus?

Influenza (flu) Signup and view all the answers

What is pneumonia?

Inflammation of the alveoli and bronchioles of the lung; leads to fluid in alveolar space Signup and view all the answers

What are neoplasms of the lung?

Growth of cells which are now pathologic in the lung tissue, leading cancer cause of death Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of the lungs includes the primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, segmental bronchi, terminal bronchioles, alveoli.

major structures Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of respiratory circulation?

Pulmonary and bronchial Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood flows away from the heart through the pulmonary arteries?

Deoxygenated blood Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood flows to the heart through pulmonary veins?

Oxygenated blood Signup and view all the answers

What do the respiratory muscles do?

Change chest cavity size Signup and view all the answers

What role does hemoglobin play in diffusion?

Oxygen binds to hemoglobin; then releases from bond when blood passes tissue where pressure is lower Signup and view all the answers

When are the lungs grown enough for survival during the gestation period?

25 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is hypoxemia?

Reduction in PO2 in blood Signup and view all the answers

What is hypercapnea?

Increase in CO2 levels in blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the measure of change in volume when lungs expand and contract called?

Lung compliance Signup and view all the answers

What can lung compliance be affected by?

Elasticity, rib cage, surface tension of alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are considered the major inspiration muscles?

Diaphragm and intercostal Signup and view all the answers

What should you always compare when performing the initial survey of the respiration and thorax?

Always compare side-to-side Signup and view all the answers

What percussion note should you hear when percussing a healthy lung?

Resonance Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 A's of smoking cessation?

Ask, advise, assess, assist, arrange Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of SpO2?

97%-100% Signup and view all the answers

What is pulse oximetry?

Measures SpO2; probe placed on patient finger/earlobe Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major layers that comprise the heart?

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'tension pneumothorax' refer to?

Intrapleural pressure that exceeds atmospheric pressure, causing lung to collapse and compress the vena cava Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory Terminology

Cyanosis: Blue coloring of skin or mucous membranes due to low oxygen saturation.
Dyspnea: Difficulty or labored breathing.
Bradypnea: Abnormally slow breathing rate.
Tachypnea: Abnormally fast breathing rate.
Apnea: Temporary cessation of breathing.
Hemoptysis: Coughing up blood.
Orthopnea: Shortness of breath when lying down, relieved by sitting or standing.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea: Sudden shortness of breath that awakens a patient at night.

Respiratory Sounds and Infections

Crackles: Fine popping sounds indicative of excess fluid in the pleural space.
Wheezes: High-pitched whistling sounds during expiration due to narrowed airways.
Rhinosinusitis: Inflammation of nasal passages caused by viruses or bacterial infections, leading to symptoms like sinus pain and nasal discharge.
Influenza: Viral infection with symptoms of headache, chills, aches, fatigue, and fever.

Lung Conditions and Diseases

Pneumonia: Inflammation leading to fluid in alveoli, symptoms include cough, fever, and low oxygen levels.
Fungal infections: Caused by inhaled fungi, usually affecting those with weakened immune systems.
Neoplasms of the lung: Tumorous growths leading to cancer, often asymptomatic until advanced stages.
Asthma: Chronic inflammatory airway disease leading to obstruction, exacerbated by allergens and irritants.

Lung Anatomy and Function

Major respiratory structures include the nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs.
Epiglottis: Elastic cartilage that protects airways during swallowing.
Larynx: Produces sound through vocal cords and aids in cough reflex.
Trachea: Structure that facilitates airflow into the lungs, bifurcating into main bronchi.

Respiratory Mechanics and Gas Exchange

Pulmonary circulation: Facilitates gas exchange, carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart.
Ventilation and perfusion: Essential processes for effective gas exchange in the lungs.
Diffusion: Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and capillaries; oxygen binds to hemoglobin for transport.

Blood Gas and Acid-Base Balance

Normal blood pH range: 7.35 - 7.45; disturbances affect overall health.
Normal PO2: 80-100 mmHg; indicates the amount of oxygen in the blood.
Hypercapnea: Elevated CO2 levels, often caused by hypoventilation; can lead to confusion and lethargy.

Respiratory Disturbances and Conditions

Hypoxemia: Low blood oxygen levels presenting with symptoms like dyspnea and cyanosis.
COPD: Chronic diseases like emphysema and chronic bronchitis obstruct airflow, predominantly caused by smoking and environmental factors.
Pulmonary embolism: Blockage in the pulmonary artery, often life-threatening.
Pulmonary edema: Excess fluid in the lungs, symptoms include low oxygen and pink frothy sputum.

Cardiovascular System

Arterial system: Carries oxygenated blood under high pressure; composed of muscular layers for effective blood delivery.
Venous system: Low-pressure system, reliant on one-way valves and muscle contractions to return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Capillaries: Microscopic vessels where exchange of gases and nutrients occur between arterial and venous systems.

Heart Structure

Myocardium: Muscular layer of the heart responsible for contractions.
Epicardium and Endocardium: Protective layers surrounding and lining the heart.

Additional Considerations

Factors like exertion and anxiety can worsen dyspnea.
Specific positioning during examinations can aid in respiratory assessments.
Follow proper protocols for smoking cessation using the "5 A's".

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Test your knowledge on important terminology related to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems with this flashcard quiz. Each card provides a definition for you to identify the crucial medical terms. Perfect for students in the nursing or allied health fields preparing for exams!