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Which of the following is NOT a principal function of the renal system?
Which of the following is NOT a principal function of the renal system?
The excretory function of the renal system is performed by the:
The excretory function of the renal system is performed by the:
In healthy individuals, urine is a fluid containing each of the following EXCEPT:
In healthy individuals, urine is a fluid containing each of the following EXCEPT:
All of the following are components of the urinary tract EXCEPT:
All of the following are components of the urinary tract EXCEPT:
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Which of the following are specifically involved with the elimination of urine (urination, micturition)?
Which of the following are specifically involved with the elimination of urine (urination, micturition)?
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The urinary system regulates blood volume and blood pressure principally by adjusting the __________________ lost in urine.
The urinary system regulates blood volume and blood pressure principally by adjusting the __________________ lost in urine.
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The urinary system regulates ____________ concentrations of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-) and other ions by controlling the quantities lost in urine.
The urinary system regulates ____________ concentrations of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-) and other ions by controlling the quantities lost in urine.
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The urinary system helps stabilize ___________________ by controlling the loss of hydrogen (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions in urine.
The urinary system helps stabilize ___________________ by controlling the loss of hydrogen (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions in urine.
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The urinary system conserves valuable nutrients by preventing their excretion in urine whilst excreting organic waste products such as:
The urinary system conserves valuable nutrients by preventing their excretion in urine whilst excreting organic waste products such as:
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The urinary system assists the _________________ in detoxifying poisons and during starvation altering amino acids so other tissues can more easily break them down.
The urinary system assists the _________________ in detoxifying poisons and during starvation altering amino acids so other tissues can more easily break them down.
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Which of the following is one of the two principal layers of the kidney:
Which of the following is one of the two principal layers of the kidney:
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Urine production begins in microscopic, tubular structures called:
Urine production begins in microscopic, tubular structures called:
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The basic functional unit of the kidney is the:
The basic functional unit of the kidney is the:
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Each nephron contains a:
Each nephron contains a:
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The capillary network of the renal corpuscle is known as the:
The capillary network of the renal corpuscle is known as the:
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The renal corpuscle is the site where the process of _________________ occurs and in this process, blood pressure forces water and dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries.
The renal corpuscle is the site where the process of _________________ occurs and in this process, blood pressure forces water and dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries.
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The kidneys have a rich renal blood supply and glomerular filtration is affected by _______________ pressure.
The kidneys have a rich renal blood supply and glomerular filtration is affected by _______________ pressure.
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Filtration produces an essentially protein-free solution, known as filtrate, which is similar to:
Filtration produces an essentially protein-free solution, known as filtrate, which is similar to:
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From the renal corpuscle, filtrate enters the renal tubule, which is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT:
From the renal corpuscle, filtrate enters the renal tubule, which is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT:
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Which of the following is not a component of the renal tubule:
Which of the following is not a component of the renal tubule:
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The part of the renal tubule that lies in the renal medulla is:
The part of the renal tubule that lies in the renal medulla is:
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Regions of the nephron vary in structure and function and as filtrate (or tubular fluid) moves along the tubule it gradually changes in:
Regions of the nephron vary in structure and function and as filtrate (or tubular fluid) moves along the tubule it gradually changes in:
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Each nephron empties into the __________________________ - a series of tubes that carry tubular fluid away from the nephron.
Each nephron empties into the __________________________ - a series of tubes that carry tubular fluid away from the nephron.
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Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is the first segment of the renal tubule and absorbs all of the following from the tubular fluid EXCEPT:
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is the first segment of the renal tubule and absorbs all of the following from the tubular fluid EXCEPT:
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Which of the parts of the loop of Henle is permeable to water?
Which of the parts of the loop of Henle is permeable to water?
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Which of the following ions is NOT absorbed from the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Which of the following ions is NOT absorbed from the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
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Which of the following processes does NOT occur in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT):
Which of the following processes does NOT occur in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT):
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Which of the following is NOT a waste product excreted in urine:
Which of the following is NOT a waste product excreted in urine:
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Steps involved in urine formation include each of the following EXCEPT:
Steps involved in urine formation include each of the following EXCEPT:
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In filtration, blood pressure forces __________________ across the wall of the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space.
In filtration, blood pressure forces __________________ across the wall of the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space.
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Reabsorption is the removal of substances from the filtrate, across the tubular epithelium and into the peritubular fluid before eventually re-entering the:
Reabsorption is the removal of substances from the filtrate, across the tubular epithelium and into the peritubular fluid before eventually re-entering the:
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Secretion is the transport of solutes from the ___________ fluid, across the tubular epithelium and into the tubular fluid.
Secretion is the transport of solutes from the ___________ fluid, across the tubular epithelium and into the tubular fluid.
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The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each ___________________.
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each ___________________.
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is principally controlled by each of the following processes EXCEPT:
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is principally controlled by each of the following processes EXCEPT:
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Which substance released from the adrenal cortex acts on the nephron to increase tubular reabsorption of sodium (Na+) ions and secretion of potassium (K+) and hydrogen (H+) ions?
Which substance released from the adrenal cortex acts on the nephron to increase tubular reabsorption of sodium (Na+) ions and secretion of potassium (K+) and hydrogen (H+) ions?
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Water diuresis results from excessive water ingestion and is principally due to a decrease in:
Water diuresis results from excessive water ingestion and is principally due to a decrease in:
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_________________ diuresis results from large quantities of unreabsorbed solutes in the renal tubules (e.g., excess dietary sodium, or consuming seawater).
_________________ diuresis results from large quantities of unreabsorbed solutes in the renal tubules (e.g., excess dietary sodium, or consuming seawater).
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Alcohol intake increases urine production by a similar mechanism to ______________________, namely inhibiting ADH secretion.
Alcohol intake increases urine production by a similar mechanism to ______________________, namely inhibiting ADH secretion.
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Emptying of the urinary bladder is a spinal reflex regulated by:
Emptying of the urinary bladder is a spinal reflex regulated by:
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Age-related changes to the urinary system include which of the following?
Age-related changes to the urinary system include which of the following?
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Study Notes
Renal System Functions
- The renal system has several functions, including excretion of waste products, homeostatic regulation of blood volume and pressure, ion concentrations, blood pH, nutrient conservation, and detoxification.
Renal System Structures
- The renal system is comprised of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
- Kidneys are responsible for urine production.
- Ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
- The bladder stores urine until elimination.
- The urethra carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
Urine Composition
- Urine contains water, ions, small soluble compounds, and waste products.
- Urine does not contain significant levels of proteins.
Nephron Structure & Function
- The nephron is the basic functional unit of the kidney and is responsible for urine formation.
- Each nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
- The renal corpuscle is made up of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule and is the site of filtration.
- The renal tubule consists of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and collecting duct.
Glomerular Filtration
- Glomerular filtration is the process where blood pressure forces water and dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule.
- This process produces filtrate, which is similar to blood plasma but lacking proteins.
Tubular Reabsorption
- Tubular reabsorption is the process of removing useful substances from the filtrate and returning them to the blood.
- Substances reabsorbed include water, organic nutrients, ions, and some waste products.
Tubular Secretion
- Tubular secretion involves transporting substances from the peritubular fluid, through the tubular epithelium, and into the tubular fluid.
- Waste products, excess ions, and drugs are secreted into the urine.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
- GFR is the volume of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute.
- GFR is regulated by autoregulation, hormonal regulation, and autonomic regulation.
Hormonal Regulation of Urine Production
- Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that increases sodium reabsorption and potassium and hydrogen secretion by the nephron.
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption by the nephron.
- Renin is an enzyme produced by the kidneys that participates in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, regulating blood pressure.
Diuresis
- Diuresis is increased urine production.
- Water diuresis results from excessive water intake, leading to decreased ADH.
- Osmotic diuresis is triggered by excess solutes in the renal tubules, such as with high dietary sodium or consuming seawater.
- Alcohol inhibits ADH, increasing urination.
Micturition
- Urination, or micturition, is the process of emptying the bladder.
- Micturition is a spinal reflex regulated by higher brain centers.
Age-Related Changes to the Urinary System
- As we age, the number of functional nephrons decrease, GFR decreases, and sensitivity to ADH may decline.
- The micturition reflex may also become less effective.
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