Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the maximum depth for constructing a spread footing economically?
What is the maximum depth for constructing a spread footing economically?
- 1 m
- 10 m
- 3 m (correct)
- 5 m
Which type of footing is suitable for walls and masonry columns?
Which type of footing is suitable for walls and masonry columns?
- Strip footing
- Spread footing (correct)
- Grillage footing
- Mat foundation
What feature distinguishes shallow foundations from other types?
What feature distinguishes shallow foundations from other types?
- They are always made of concrete
- They transfer loads at deep levels
- The depth is less or equal to the width (correct)
- The depth is greater than the width
Which of the following types of shallow foundation is not correct?
Which of the following types of shallow foundation is not correct?
What mixture is typically used in constructing a spread footing?
What mixture is typically used in constructing a spread footing?
What term is used to refer to shallow foundations, emphasizing their construction near the ground surface?
What term is used to refer to shallow foundations, emphasizing their construction near the ground surface?
In which type of shallow foundation is the base wider than the top?
In which type of shallow foundation is the base wider than the top?
Which characteristic of a shallow foundation relates to its load transfer mechanism?
Which characteristic of a shallow foundation relates to its load transfer mechanism?
What is the usual projection of bed concrete from the lowest course of foundation masonry?
What is the usual projection of bed concrete from the lowest course of foundation masonry?
Which type of footing supports only one column?
Which type of footing supports only one column?
In which scenario is a combined footing most likely used?
In which scenario is a combined footing most likely used?
What type of footing is common to more than two columns in a row?
What type of footing is common to more than two columns in a row?
What is the primary design concern for an inverted arch footing?
What is the primary design concern for an inverted arch footing?
How would you categorize a footing that is a beam connecting two columns?
How would you categorize a footing that is a beam connecting two columns?
What characteristic defines a continuous footing?
What characteristic defines a continuous footing?
Why might a continuous footing be preferred when soil bearing capacity is low?
Why might a continuous footing be preferred when soil bearing capacity is low?
What is an eccentrically loaded footing?
What is an eccentrically loaded footing?
Which type of footing is beneficial when multiple columns have extensive loads or the soil's SBC is low?
Which type of footing is beneficial when multiple columns have extensive loads or the soil's SBC is low?
What type of mat footing is described as having a slab thickness exceeding 90 cm?
What type of mat footing is described as having a slab thickness exceeding 90 cm?
What is the primary purpose of a grillage footing?
What is the primary purpose of a grillage footing?
What describes the structure of grillage foundations?
What describes the structure of grillage foundations?
In a grillage foundation, what is the minimum required clear space between the flanges of adjacent grillage beams?
In a grillage foundation, what is the minimum required clear space between the flanges of adjacent grillage beams?
Which of the following is a type of grillage foundation that avoids differential settlement?
Which of the following is a type of grillage foundation that avoids differential settlement?
What is the function of pipe separators in a grillage foundation?
What is the function of pipe separators in a grillage foundation?
Which type of shallow foundation is specifically designed for a single column?
Which type of shallow foundation is specifically designed for a single column?
What is the main purpose of a combined footing?
What is the main purpose of a combined footing?
Which of these footings is used for walls and wider load-bearing applications?
Which of these footings is used for walls and wider load-bearing applications?
For a square footing with a vertical load of 200 kN and a safe bearing capacity of 100 kN/m2, what is the length of each side?
For a square footing with a vertical load of 200 kN and a safe bearing capacity of 100 kN/m2, what is the length of each side?
What is the primary method used for constructing drilled shafts?
What is the primary method used for constructing drilled shafts?
Which type of footing would be most appropriate for a situation where eccentric loads are encountered?
Which type of footing would be most appropriate for a situation where eccentric loads are encountered?
In what soil conditions are drilled shafts or caissons generally unsuitable?
In what soil conditions are drilled shafts or caissons generally unsuitable?
What is a key characteristic of mat or raft foundations?
What is a key characteristic of mat or raft foundations?
Which type of foundation is more capable of transferring larger column loads?
Which type of foundation is more capable of transferring larger column loads?
Which of the following is NOT a type of shallow foundation?
Which of the following is NOT a type of shallow foundation?
What is a distinguishing feature of drilled shafts compared to pile foundations?
What is a distinguishing feature of drilled shafts compared to pile foundations?
What shape is a typical combined footing?
What shape is a typical combined footing?
What depth range is suitable for the use of drilled shafts or caissons?
What depth range is suitable for the use of drilled shafts or caissons?
Which type of footing is used for preventing differential settlement of individual footings?
Which type of footing is used for preventing differential settlement of individual footings?
What term is used to describe the combination of shaft resistance and toe resistance in drilled shafts?
What term is used to describe the combination of shaft resistance and toe resistance in drilled shafts?
What defines a combined footing?
What defines a combined footing?
Flashcards
Shallow Foundation
Shallow Foundation
A foundation type with its depth less than its width, providing stability at shallow depths.
Spread Footing
Spread Footing
A widened base that distributes loads over a larger area, suitable for masonry structures.
Isolated Column Footing
Isolated Column Footing
A footing designed for individual columns to evenly distribute loads on a concrete bed.
Combined Footing
Combined Footing
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Continuous Footing
Continuous Footing
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Strip Footing
Strip Footing
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Inverted Arch Footing
Inverted Arch Footing
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Eccentrically Loaded Footing
Eccentrically Loaded Footing
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Mat Footing
Mat Footing
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Grillage Footing
Grillage Footing
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Pile Foundation
Pile Foundation
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Drilled Shafts
Drilled Shafts
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Shaft Resistance
Shaft Resistance
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Toe Resistance
Toe Resistance
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Soft Clay Limitations
Soft Clay Limitations
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High Lateral Forces
High Lateral Forces
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High Capacity Foundation
High Capacity Foundation
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Loading Distribution
Loading Distribution
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Low Soil Bearing Capacity
Low Soil Bearing Capacity
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Foundation Types Comparison
Foundation Types Comparison
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Raft Foundations
Raft Foundations
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Column Interactions
Column Interactions
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Trapezoidal Footing
Trapezoidal Footing
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Strap Beam
Strap Beam
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Concrete Bed
Concrete Bed
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Load Transfer Mechanism
Load Transfer Mechanism
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Construction Techniques
Construction Techniques
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Study Notes
Shallow Foundation
- Types of Shallow Foundation
- Spread Footing
- A widened base distributes load over a larger area
- Suitable for walls & masonry columns
- Three types:
- Isolated Column Footing/Isolated Footing
- A separate footing for each column
- Designed to distribute loads evenly
- Constructed on a concrete bed
- Combined Footing
- Supports two or more columns with a single base
- Used when columns are close to property boundaries
- Can be rectangular or trapezoidal
- A strap beam connects the columns
- Continuous Footing
- A footing shared by multiple columns in a row
- More suitable for closely spaced columns or low soil bearing capacity
- Isolated Column Footing/Isolated Footing
- Strip Footing
- An independent footing connecting two columns with a beam
- Types include:
- Inverted Arch Footing
- Used for poor soil bearing capacity where load is transferred through walls
- Inverted arches distribute weight between walls
- End walls need to withstand outward horizontal thrust
- Eccentrically Loaded Footing
- The center of gravity doesn’t align with the footing’s supporting area
- Designed to account for uneven load distribution
- Inverted Arch Footing
- Mat Footing/Raft Footing
- Used for extensive loads, particularly with multistory buildings
- Overlapping footings create a continuous base for multiple columns
- Helps ensure uniform settlement of the structure to prevent uneven stress
- Three types based on slab thickness:
- Slab (Solid) - up to 30 cm
- Slab and Beam - over 30 cm
- Cellular - over 90 cm
- Grillage Footing
- Used for heavy loads from steel columns when soil bearing capacity is low
- Consists of multiple tiers of I-section steel beams
- Top tier has fewer but larger steel sections
- Bottom tier has more numerous but smaller steel sections
- Beams are encased in concrete and spaced apart to allow proper concreting
- Spread Footing
Deep Foundation
-
Pile Foundation
- Used when soil bearing capacity is weak at shallow depths
- Piles extend into deeper, stronger soil strata
- Transferred loads through friction resistance or end-bearing capacity
- Suitable for structures subjected to high lateral and uplift forces
-
Drilled Shafts or Caissons
- High capacity cast-in-place foundations similar to pile foundations
- Resist loads through shaft resistance, toe resistance, or a combination of both
- Constructed using an auger for deeper installation
- Can transfer greater loads than pile foundations
- Suitable for depths between 10 to 100 metres
- Not suitable for soft clays, loose water-bearing soils, caving formations, soils with boulders, or artesian aquifers
Comparison
-
Isolated vs. Combined Footing: Combined footings are used when multiple columns are close together and their individual footings overlap. They are essentially a combination of isolated footings.
-
Pile Foundation vs. Drilled Shafts: Drilled shafts are similar to pile foundations but offer higher capacity and are used for greater depths.
-
Raft Foundations: Used to distribute loads from walls and columns when soil bearing capacity is low. They act as a single combined footing for the entire structure.
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Description
Explore the various types of shallow foundations, including spread footings such as isolated, combined, and continuous footings. Understand how these foundations distribute loads and their suitability for different construction needs. Test your knowledge on the essential concepts and applications.
