Types of Research Variables

Types of Research Variables

• Variables are characteristics that can change, impacting study design and interpretation.

Independent Variable (IV)

• Intentionally manipulated by the researcher to assess its effect on another variable.
• Considered the cause or input in experimental research.

Dependent Variable (DV)

• Measured to evaluate the impact of the independent variable.
• Represents the outcome or effect that may change in relation to the IV.

Confounding Variables

• Additional variables not central to the study but influence the relationship between the IV and DV.
• Can introduce bias and complicate establishing causality; control measures are necessary for accurate results.

Control Variables

• Held constant to isolate the IV’s effect on the DV.
• Ensure that observed effects are solely attributable to the IV without interference from other factors.

Categorical Variables

• Represent categories or groups; can be nominal (no inherent order) or ordinal (specific order).
• Examples include gender, ethnicity, and educational level.

Continuous Variables

• Can take on any value within a defined range and measured on a continuous scale.
• Examples include age, height, weight, and income.

Discrete Variables

• Only specific, distinct values, often whole numbers.
• Examples include the number of siblings, items sold, and vehicles owned.