Types of Research and Designs

Types of Research

• Qualitative Research: Focuses on non-numerical data, exploring attitudes, behaviors, and experiences. Methods include:
  • Case studies
  • Content analysis
  • Ethnography
  • Interviews
  • Observations
• Quantitative Research: Focuses on numerical data, examining cause-and-effect relationships. Methods include:
  • Experiments
  • Surveys
  • Correlational studies
  • Regression analysis

Research Designs

• Experimental Design: Manipulates independent variables to measure their effect on dependent variables.
• Quasi-Experimental Design: Lacks random assignment, but controls for extraneous variables.
• Non-Experimental Design: Observes phenomena without manipulating variables.
• Survey Research: Uses questionnaires or interviews to collect self-reported data.

Data Collection Methods

• Primary Data: Original data collected specifically for the research study.
• Secondary Data: Existing data collected by others, often from published sources.
• Sampling Methods:
  • Probability Sampling: Every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
  • Non-Probability Sampling: Individuals are selected based on convenience or accessibility.

Data Analysis

• Descriptive Statistics: Summarizes and describes the sample data.
• Inferential Statistics: Makes inferences about the population based on sample data.
• Data Visualization: Uses graphs and charts to communicate data insights.

Research Ethics

• Informed Consent: Participants must understand the study's purpose, risks, and benefits.
• Anonymity and Confidentiality: Protecting participants' identities and data.
• Deception and Debriefing: Avoiding deception and providing participants with accurate information after the study.

Research Quality and Validity

• Internal Validity: Ensuring the study measures what it claims to measure.
• External Validity: Generalizing findings to the population and other contexts.
• Reliability: Consistency in measuring the variables.

Types of Research

• Qualitative research explores attitudes, behaviors, and experiences through non-numerical data.
• Qualitative research methods include case studies, content analysis, ethnography, interviews, and observations.
• Quantitative research examines cause-and-effect relationships through numerical data.
• Quantitative research methods include experiments, surveys, correlational studies, and regression analysis.

Research Designs

• Experimental design manipulates independent variables to measure their effect on dependent variables.
• Quasi-experimental design lacks random assignment but controls for extraneous variables.
• Non-experimental design observes phenomena without manipulating variables.
• Survey research uses questionnaires or interviews to collect self-reported data.

Data Collection Methods

• Primary data is original data collected specifically for the research study.
• Secondary data is existing data collected by others, often from published sources.
• Probability sampling gives every individual in the population an equal chance of being selected.
• Non-probability sampling selects individuals based on convenience or accessibility.

Data Analysis

• Descriptive statistics summarizes and describes the sample data.
• Inferential statistics makes inferences about the population based on sample data.
• Data visualization uses graphs and charts to communicate data insights.

Research Ethics

• Informed consent ensures participants understand the study's purpose, risks, and benefits.
• Anonymity and confidentiality protect participants' identities and data.
• Deception and debriefing involve avoiding deception and providing accurate information after the study.

Research Quality and Validity

• Internal validity ensures the study measures what it claims to measure.
• External validity generalizes findings to the population and other contexts.
• Reliability ensures consistency in measuring the variables.