Research Methods: Quantitative vs Qualitative
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of quantitative research?

  • It focuses on exploring participants' perspectives and experiences
  • It involves collecting data through observation and interviews
  • It involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data
  • It involves testing hypotheses using statistical methods (correct)

    • What is a benefit of qualitative research?

  • It provides in-depth insights into participants' perspectives and experiences (correct)
  • It provides a large sample size
  • It is more cost-effective than quantitative research
  • It allows for generalization of findings to a larger population

    • When would qualitative research be the most appropriate approach?

  • When testing the effectiveness of a new medication
  • When exploring the experiences of a small group of individuals (correct)
  • When analyzing the relationship between two variables
  • When surveying a large population

    • What is a benefit of quantitative research?

    <p>It allows for the collection of large amounts of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a researcher choose to use mixed-methods research?

    <p>Because it allows for the combination of quantitative and qualitative data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of delirium?

    <p>Restlessness, anxiety, and fluctuating moods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary risk factor for Neurocognitive Disorder?

    <p>Advanced age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common defense mechanism used by clients with Neurocognitive Disorder?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of diagnostic testing for Neurocognitive Disorder?

    <p>To rule out other pathologies that could be mistaken for Neurocognitive Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)?

    <p>To assess for delirium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of nursing care for clients with Neurocognitive Disorder?

    <p>Minimizing risk factors and promoting early detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of delirium?

    <p>Rapid fluctuation in cognitive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a subtype of Neurocognitive Disorder?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of Neurocognitive Disorder?

    <p>Irreversible and progressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Global Deterioration Scale?

    <p>To determine the severity of Neurocognitive Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of delirium?

    <p>Extreme distraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a predisposing factor for delirium?

    <p>Systemic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for cognitive functions closely linked to particular areas of the brain?

    <p>Neurocognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of neurocognitive disorders?

    <p>Disruption of thinking, memory, processing, and problem solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of major neurocognitive disorder?

    <p>Significant impairment in cognitive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for neurocognitive disorder caused by another disease or condition?

    <p>Secondary neurocognitive disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurocognitive disorder is short-term and reversible?

    <p>Delirium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a stage 3 symptom of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Interference with work performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of neurocognitive disorder?

    <p>Alzheimer's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a stage 6 symptom of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Loss of ability to perform ADLs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can mimic the stages of Alzheimer's Disease in older adults?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cause of reversible neurocognitive disorder?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for delirium?

    <p>Physiological changes such as Parkinson's or Huntington's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common behavioral symptom of neurocognitive disorder?

    <p>Irritability and moodiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of delirium?

    <p>Rapid onset over a short period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Advanced age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to care for personal needs independently?

    <p>Basic activities of daily living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of delirium?

    <p>Disorientation and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of Alzheimer's disease in its end stages?

    <p>Being bedfast and aphasic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between NCD due to Alzheimer's and vascular NCD?

    <p>Speed of onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of frontotemporal NCD?

    <p>Shrinking of the frontal and temporal anterior lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of medical treatment for delirium?

    <p>To determine and correct the underlying causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common neurobehavioral symptom of NCD due to traumatic brain injury?

    <p>Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of Lewy Body Disease?

    <p>Progressive and irreversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of assessment for NCD?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key outcome criterion for NCD?

    <p>The client has not experienced physical injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common pharmaceutical agent used to treat cognitive impairment?

    <p>Physostigmine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration for pharmaceutical treatment of depression in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Distinguishing depression from NCD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of providing cognitive support in managing neurocognitive disorders?

    <p>To reduce agitation and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is used to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Memantine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of delirium?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of monitoring neuro status in patients with neurocognitive disorders?

    <p>To detect signs of delirium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Major Depressive Disorder and Persistent Depressive Disorder?

    <p>Duration of symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of communication when working with patients with neurocognitive disorders?

    <p>Using a calm and reassuring tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of cholinesterase inhibitors?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for depression?

    <p>Occupation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Major Depressive Disorder?

    <p>Depressed mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering medications at bedtime with or without food in patients with neurocognitive disorders?

    <p>To improve sleep quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disorder that is attributed to the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition?

    <p>Depressive Disorder associated with another medical condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of nursing administration when managing neurocognitive disorders?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the medication used to treat anxiety?

    <p>Alprazolam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of delirium?

    <p>An acute disturbance of cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of delirium?

    <p>Medication reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disorder that is characterized by a chronically depressed mood for at least 2 years?

    <p>Dysthymic Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the theory that suggests that a loss is internalized and becomes directed against the ego?

    <p>Psychoanalytical theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the medication used to treat sleep disturbances?

    <p>Triazolam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disorder that is more prevalent in whites than in blacks?

    <p>Depressive Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the neurotransmitter implicated in depression?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theorized outcome of learned helplessness?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cognitive distortion in cognitive theory of depression?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of therapy with depressed children?

    <p>To alleviate the child's symptoms and strengthen the child's coping and adaptive skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of childhood depression in children aged 6-8?

    <p>Physical complaints and aggressive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of depression in adolescence?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concern in treating depression in the elderly?

    <p>Symptoms of depression are often confused with symptoms of neurocognitive disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment for postpartum depression?

    <p>Antidepressant medication and psychosocial therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of postpartum depression?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of nursing process and assessment for depression?

    <p>To alleviate symptoms and improve social and occupational functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of therapy for depressed children?

    <p>To alleviate the child's symptoms and strengthen the child's coping and adaptive skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of transient depression?

    <p>The blues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the continuation phase of treatment for MDD?

    <p>Relapse prevention through education and medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sphere of human functioning is related to 'feeling tired and listless'?

    <p>Physiological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for depressive disorders?

    <p>Family history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of moderate depression?

    <p>Retarded thinking process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a goal of planning and implementation in the treatment of depression?

    <p>Client will not harm self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of SSRIs?

    <p>Serotonin syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the lived experience of lack of control over a situation?

    <p>Powerlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of anergic patients?

    <p>Sluggishness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of group therapy?

    <p>Stress management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of atypical antidepressants?

    <p>May cause dry mouth and constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of death among suicide victims?

    <p>Gunshot wounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of electroconvulsive therapy?

    <p>To enhance the effects of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phase of group development?

    <p>Orientation phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for suicide?

    <p>Being single, never-married</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of brain stimulation therapy?

    <p>Vagus nerve stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of suicidal ideation?

    <p>Feeling trapped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Durkheim's classification of suicide?

    <p>Egoistic, altruistic, and anomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of severe depression?

    <p>Feeling of total despair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the IS PATH WARM assessment?

    <p>To identify risk factors for suicide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of mania in bipolar disorder?

    <p>Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a protective factor for suicide?

    <p>Feelings of responsibility towards partner and children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder?

    <p>Bipolar I has a full syndrome of manic symptoms, while bipolar II has hypomania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a biological predisposing factor for bipolar disorder?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a mood disturbance that is the result of the physiological effects of a substance?

    <p>Substance-induced bipolar disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a stage 1 symptom of mania in bipolar disorder?

    <p>Cheerful mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cultural factor that contributes to a higher risk of suicide?

    <p>American Indian or Alaskan Native</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of bipolar disorder characterized by a chronic mood disturbance?

    <p>Cyclothymic disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a biological factor that contributes to the development of bipolar disorder?

    <p>Excess of norepinephrine and dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a stage 3 symptom of mania in bipolar disorder?

    <p>Delirious mania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of not intervening in a patient with bipolar disorder?

    <p>Exhaustion and possibly death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of planning for patients with bipolar disorder?

    <p>Setting limits on manipulative behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of therapy that can be used to treat bipolar disorder?

    <p>Family therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a medication that can be used to treat mania in bipolar disorder?

    <p>Lithium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration when taking anticonvulsants?

    <p>Reporting symptoms of skin rash is crucial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of verapamil?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of self-awareness in bipolar disorder?

    <p>Recognizing early symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a goal of recovery in bipolar disorder?

    <p>Learning to prevent and minimize symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Characteristics

    • Quantitative research: focuses on numerical data, statistical analysis, and objective measurements to test hypotheses and predict outcomes
    • Quantitative research characteristics: uses surveys, questionnaires, and experiments to collect data, often with large sample sizes
    • Qualitative research: focuses on non-numerical data, exploring meanings, and gaining in-depth insights into phenomena
    • Qualitative research characteristics: uses interviews, observations, and content analysis to collect data, often with small sample sizes

    Value of Quantitative Research

    • Provides generalizable results due to large sample sizes
    • Allows for precise predictions and forecasts
    • Enables comparison across different groups and populations
    • Facilitates the identification of causal relationships between variables

    Value of Qualitative Research

    • Provides rich, contextual, and nuanced insights into phenomena
    • Enables an in-depth understanding of participants' experiences and perspectives
    • Facilitates the generation of new theories and hypotheses
    • Allows for exploration of complex, multifaceted issues

    When to Use Each Type of Research

    • Use quantitative research: when testing hypotheses, predicting outcomes, or comparing groups
    • Use qualitative research: when exploring new topics, gaining in-depth insights, or developing theories

    Comparing Value

    • Both quantitative and qualitative research have unique strengths and weaknesses
    • Neither type of research is inherently more valuable than the other
    • The choice of research type depends on the research question, goals, and context

    Cognitive Disorders, Alzheimer's, and Dementia

    • Cognitive disorders: characterized by disruption of thinking, memory, processing, and problem-solving abilities (ATI Chapter 17: Neurocognitive Disorders)
    • Types of cognitive disorders:
      • Delirium
      • Mild neurocognitive disorder
      • Major neurocognitive disorder (dementia)

    Delirium

    • Short-term and reversible
    • Risk factors:
      • Physiological changes (e.g., Parkinson's, Huntington's)
      • Metabolic disorders (e.g., hepatic or renal failure)
      • Cardiovascular or respiratory diseases
      • Infections (e.g., AIDS/HIV)
      • Surgery
      • Substance abuse or withdrawal
      • Older age
      • Multiple co-morbidities
      • Polypharmacy
      • Aphasia
      • Change in client environment
    • Expected findings:
      • Rapid onset (hours or days)
      • Impairments in memory, judgment, ability to focus, and ability to calculate
      • Disorientation and confusion often worse at night and early morning
      • Fluctuating levels of consciousness
      • Four types: hyperactive, hypoactive, mixed, and unclassified
      • Restlessness, anxiety, motor agitation, and fluctuating moods are common
      • Personality change is rapid
      • Perceptual disturbances (e.g., hallucinations and illusions) may be present
      • Can cause vital signs to become unstable, requiring intervention
      • Reversible if diagnosis and treatment of underlying cause are prompt

    Neurocognitive Disorder (NCD)

    • Gradual onset (months or years)
    • Risk factors:
      • Advanced age
      • Lifestyle factors
      • Metabolic syndrome
      • Diabetes
    • Expected findings:
      • Impairments in memory, judgment, speech, and ability to recognize familiar objects
      • Impairments in executive functioning (e.g., managing daily tasks) and movement
      • Gradual personality change
      • Stable vital signs unless another illness is present
      • Cognitive deficits not related to another mental health disorder
    • Subtypes of NCD:
      • Alzheimer's disease
      • Traumatic brain injury
      • Parkinson's disease
      • Other disorders affecting the neurologic system

    Defense Mechanisms

    • Denial: refusing to believe that changes are taking place
    • Confabulation: making up stories or events to fill gaps in memory
    • Preservation: avoiding questions by repeating phrases or behaviors

    Diagnostic Procedure

    • No specific lab test to diagnose NCDs
    • Testing is done to rule out other pathologies that could be mistaken for NCDs
    • Screening and assessment tools:
      • Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) for delirium
      • Neelon-Champagne (Neecham) Confusion Scale for delirium
      • Functional Dementia Scale for ability to perform self-care and extent of memory loss
      • Brief Interview for Mental Status (BIMS) for clients in long-term care settings
      • Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE)
      • Functional Assessment Screening Tool (FAST)
      • Global Deterioration Scale
      • Blessed Dementia Scale

    Nursing Care

    • Best way to manage delirium is to minimize risk factors and promote early detection
    • Perform self-assessments regarding anger or frustration when performing ADLs for a patient with progressive cognitive decline
    • Protect the client from injury
    • Provide a safe and therapeutic environment
    • Cognitive support:
      • Provide compensatory memory aids
      • Keep a consistent daily routine
      • Maintain a consistent caregiver
      • Cover or remove mirrors to decrease fear and agitation
      • Encourage physical activity
    • Physical needs:
      • Monitor neuro status
      • Assess skin integrity
      • Monitor vital signs
      • Promote sleep measures
      • Ensure adequate food and fluids
    • Communication:
      • Use a calm, reassuring tone
      • Use positive words
      • Reinforce reality
      • Make eye contact
      • Minimize the need for decision-making

    Medications

    • Delirium:
      • Medications can be the underlying cause
      • Recognize medication reactions before delirium occurs
      • Focus on treatment of underlying cause
      • Antipsychotic or antianxiety medications may be prescribed
    • Neurocognitive Disorders:
      • Cholinesterase inhibitor medications (e.g., donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine)
      • Contraindications and interactions with other medications
      • Memantine for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease

    Nursing Administration

    • Start with a low dose and gradually increase
    • Monitor for adverse effects
    • Taper medications
    • Assess patient swallow
    • Administer at bedtime with or without food

    Alzheimer's Disease

    • Progressive and irreversible
    • Most common type of NCD
    • Stages of Alzheimer's disease:
      • Stage 1: No apparent symptoms
      • Stage 2: Forgetfulness
      • Stage 3: Mild cognitive decline
      • Stage 4: Mild to moderate cognitive decline
      • Stage 5: Moderate cognitive decline
      • Stage 6: Moderate to severe cognitive decline
      • Stage 7: Severe cognitive decline

    Other Neurocognitive Disorders

    • Vascular NCD: characterized by significant cerebrovascular disease
    • Frontotemporal NCD: caused by shrinkage of the frontal and temporal anterior lobes of the brain
    • NCD due to traumatic brain injury: caused by amnesia
    • NCD due to Lewy Body disease: similar to Alzheimer's disease but progresses more rapidly### Learning Theory
    • Learned Helplessness: individuals who experience numerous failures learn to give up trying, leading to depression and feelings of lack of control over their life situation.
    • Object Loss: experiences of loss of a significant other during the first 6 months of life can predispose individuals to lifelong periods of depression.
    • Cognitive Theory: views depression as a cognitive rather than affective disorder, characterized by three cognitive distortions:
      • Negative expectations of the environment
      • Negative expectations of self
      • Negative expectations of the future
    • Transactional Model: combines genetic, biochemical, and psychosocial influences on an individual's susceptibility to depression.

    Childhood Depression

    • Symptoms:
      • Infancy (<3 years): feeding problems, tantrums, lack of playfulness, and emotional expressiveness, failure to thrive, delays in speech and gross motor skills
      • Toddlerhood (3-5 years): accident proneness, phobias, excessive self-reproach
      • Early school age (6-8 years): physical complaints, aggressive behavior, clinging behavior, lack of social skills
      • Late childhood (9-12 years): morbid thoughts and excessive worrying, lack of interest in playing with friends
    • Treatment: alleviating symptoms, strengthening coping and adaptive skills, and preventing future psychological problems through parental and family therapy.

    Adolescence

    • Symptoms:
      • Anger, aggressiveness, running away, delinquency, social withdrawal, sexual acting out, substance abuse, restlessness, and apathy
    • Treatment:
      • Supportive psychosocial intervention
      • Antidepressant medication

    Senescence

    • Bereavement overload
    • High percentage of suicides among the elderly
    • Symptoms of depression often confused with symptoms of neurocognitive disorder
    • Treatment:
      • Antidepressant
      • Electroconvulsive therapy
      • Psychosocial therapies

    Postpartum Depression

    • Lasts weeks to months
    • Associated with hormonal changes, tryptophan metabolism, or cell alterations
    • Symptoms:
      • Fatigue, irritability
      • Loss of appetite
      • Sleep disturbances
      • Loss of libido
      • Concern about inability to care for infant
    • Treatment:
      • Antidepressants
      • Psychosocial therapies

    Nursing Process/Assessment

    • Severe depression marked by distress that interferes with social, occupational, cognitive, and emotional functioning
    • Four spheres of human functioning:
      • Affective
      • Behavioral
      • Cognitive
      • Physiological

    Group and Family Therapy

    • Group therapy:
      • Stress management, substance abuse disorders, medication education, understanding mental illness, and dual diagnosis groups
    • Group process: verbal and nonverbal communication, how members interact with one another
    • Group norm: the way the group behaves during sessions and over time
    • Phases of group development:
      • Orientation phase: purpose and goals of the group
      • Working phase: problem-solving skills
      • Termination phase: end of group sessions

    Brain Stimulation Therapies

    • Electroconvulsive therapy: can enhance the effects of neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) in the brain
    • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a noninvasive therapy that uses magnetic pulsations to stimulate the cerebral cortex of the brain
    • Vagus Nerve Stimulation: implanted on the client's chest, similar to a pacemaker device, to increase neurotransmitters and enhance the action of antidepressant medications.

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