Types of Pneumothorax

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What is the main cause of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax?

Rupture of a small subpleural emphysematous bulla or pulmonary bleb (correct)
Inherited diseases such as Marfan's and cystic fibrosis
Respiratory diseases that damage lung structure
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

What is the male-to-female ratio of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax?

5:1 (correct)
2:1
10:1
1:1

What is a risk factor for Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax?

Family history of pneumothorax
Tall stature (correct)
Old age
Presence of pneumonia

What is the treatment for Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax?

Pleurodesis with bleomycin (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Primary and Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax?

Secondary is more deadly, while Primary is less deadly (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recurrence rate of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax?

High, as the underlying defect remains (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for spontaneous pneumothorax?

Males >55 years (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using protective ventilation strategies in ICU patients with lung disease?

To reduce the risk of barotrauma and volutrauma (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of tension pneumothorax?

One-way flow of air from lung to pleural cavity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for tension pneumothorax?

Needle aspiration and chest drain (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of traumatic pneumothorax?

Haemothorax (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical symptoms of spontaneous pneumothorax?

Chest pain and breathlessness (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the body's physiological systems constantly fluctuating as it responds and recovers from stress?

Allostasis (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Lazarus' Model of Appraisal, what is the role of the individual in the transaction with their external world?

Actively appraising the outside world (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the initial evaluation of an event by an individual, according to Lazarus' Model of Appraisal?

Primary appraisal (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between allostatic load and stress recovery?

Allostatic load is linked with incomplete stress recovery (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the variability in the rate of recovery from stress between individuals and within the same individual across the lifespan?

Great variability (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of appraisal in Lazarus' Model of Stress?

Evaluating the potential stressfulness of an event (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration?

Functional Residual Capacity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after first filling the lungs to their maximum extent and then expiring to the maximum extent?

Vital Capacity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effort?

Total Lung Capacity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage less are pulmonary volumes and capacities in women compared to men?

20-25% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for arterial oxygen tension (arterial partial pressure of O2)?

12.0-13.3 kPa (80-100 mmHg) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of air that can be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume when the person inspires with full force?

Inspiratory reserve volume (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for decreased arterial oxygen tension?

Hypoxaemia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume?

Total lung capacity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum amount of air a person can breathe in, beginning at the normal expiratory level and distending the lungs to the maximum amount?

Inspiratory capacity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume?

Vital capacity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration?

Residual volume (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume?

Functional residual capacity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action performed by a subject during a spirometry procedure?

Inspiring maximally to total lung capacity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is measured by a spirometer during a spirometry procedure?

Forced Expiratory Volume at one second (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is expressed as a percentage of the FVC in spirometry results?

Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a person with airway obstruction compared to a healthy individual?

Lower FEV1 and smaller lung volume (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is required for diffusion to occur in the respiratory system?

A source of energy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which oxygen moves from the alveoli into the pulmonary blood?

Passive diffusion (C) Signup and view all the answers