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Questions and Answers
What is the main reason behind the formation of dipole-induced dipole interactions?
What type of interactions occur between non-polar molecules?
What determines whether a substance is a solid, liquid, or a gas?
What is the result of the approach of an ion inducing a dipole in an atom or in a non-polar molecule?
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What is the characteristic of molecules in a gas?
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What type of interaction occurs between a fully charged ion and a partially charged dipole?
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What is the term used to describe the relation between water and hydrophobes?
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What is the result of weak attractive forces between particles in a substance?
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What kind of bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal?
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Which type of intermolecular force is responsible for the attraction of unlike molecules?
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What is the result of unequal sharing of electrons in a molecule?
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Which type of intermolecular force involves the interaction between permanent dipoles?
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What is the general term for dipolar interactions?
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Which type of bond is typically formed between non-metals?
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What is the attractive force that holds like molecules together?
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Which type of intermolecular force is responsible for the repulsion of molecules?
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Study Notes
Binding Forces of Molecules
- Composed of intramolecular forces and intermolecular forces
- Intramolecular forces: bonds within a molecule, including covalent, ionic, and metallic bonding
Intramolecular Forces
- Covalent bonds: sharing of electrons between non-metals
- Ionic bonds: transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal
- Metallic bonds: formed between metals
Intermolecular Forces (IMFs)
- Attractive and repulsive forces between molecules
- Weak compared to intramolecular forces
- Attractive force: cohesion (between like molecules) or adhesion (between unlike molecules)
- Repulsive force: molecules repel each other
Types of Intermolecular Forces
- Van der Waals forces: dipolar interactions, including dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and induced dipole-induced dipole interactions
- Ion and dipole forces: interactions between polar or non-polar molecules and ions
- Hydrogen bonds: strong dipole-dipole interactions between hydrogen-containing molecules
- Hydrophobic interactions: relations between water and hydrophobes (low water-soluble molecules)
Dipole Moment and Polar Molecules
- Dipole moment: created when atoms in a molecule share electrons unequally
- Polar molecule: has a partial negative end and a partial positive end
- Dipole-dipole interactions: between polar molecules, resulting from the attraction of partial positive and negative ends
Van der Waals Forces
- Dipole-dipole interactions (Keesom forces): between polar molecules
- Dipole-induced dipole interactions (Debye forces): between a polar and a non-polar molecule
- Induced dipole-induced dipole interactions (London dispersion forces): temporary attractive forces between non-polar molecules
Factors Affecting State of a Substance
- Kinetic energy of particles: tends to keep particles moving apart
- Attractive IMFs: tend to draw particles together
- If kinetic energy > attractive forces, a substance will not condense to form liquid or solid
- If kinetic energy < attractive forces, a liquid or solid will form
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Description
Learn about the different types of forces that bind molecules, including intramolecular and intermolecular forces, and their characteristics.
