Types of Maps

Unit 1

• Reference maps show the absolute location of places and geographic features using a coordinate system like latitude and longitude, useful for showing landforms and places.
• Physical maps are reference maps highlighting natural landmarks such as mountains, rivers, oceans, and elevation.
• Political maps are reference maps displaying political boundaries like countries, cities, and capitals.
• Thematic maps display specific types of information (a theme) related to a geographic area.
• Cartograms are thematic maps presenting statistical data by distorting the size of areas, such as population.
• Choropleth maps are thematic maps using colors to represent statistical data across regions.
• Dot density maps are thematic maps using dots to represent the presence or occurrence of a feature, like population.
• Graduated symbols maps (or proportional symbols maps) are thematic maps indicating the magnitude of a value for a geographic region, with symbol size proportional to the data.
• Absolute distance is measurement using a standard unit of length, such as miles or kilometers.
• Relative distance is measurement in terms of cost, time, or connectivity, illustrating relationships between places.
• Absolute direction involves finding a location using compass directions (north, south, east, west).
• Relative direction involves finding a location using non-compass directions (left, right, up, down).
• Spatial pattern refers to the arrangement of objects in space on Earth's surface.
• Clustering is a spatial pattern where objects form a group, like a coastal population.
• Dispersal is a spatial pattern where objects are scattered, like a rural population.
• Elevation is a spatial pattern that refers to height above sea level
• Spatial scale is a hierarchy of spaces, such as the location of French speakers globally, regionally (North America), nationally (Canada), and locally (Quebec).
• Map distortion occurs in all maps because projecting a 3D surface onto a 2D surface inevitably alters area, distance, shape, and/or direction.
• Census data involves systematically acquiring and recording information about a given population.
• The U.S. Census is conducted every 10 years to enumerate the population of the United States.
• Satellite imagery are images of Earth taken from orbiting satellites, used to detect specific information about the land cover.
• Supranational organizations involve three or more nation-states cooperating politically, economically, and/or culturally to achieve shared objectives; the European Union is one example.
• Photographic Interpretation is the act of examining photographic images for the purpose of identifying objects and judging their significance
• Landscape Analysis defining and describing landscapes
• Personal interviews are surveys conducted face-to-face.
• Policy documents communicate policies and procedures, such as a government's initiative or plan.
• Travel narratives are writings which describe either the author's journey to a place, or writings which discuss the customs, habits and wildlife of a place
• Media reports are articles published by news papers or magazines
• Field observations are on site observations, not in a lab
• GIS (geographic information system) is a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
• Satellite navigation systems are portable devices that use GPS to plot the user's position.
• GPS (global positioning system) determines the precise position of something on Earth using satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
• Remote sensing involves acquiring data about Earth's surface from satellites or other long-distance methods.
• The U.S. Census Bureau is responsible for producing data about the American people and economy.
• Absolute location is the exact position of an object or place, measured within spatial coordinates.
• Relative location is the position of a place in relation to another place.
• Place is a specific point on Earth distinguished by particular characteristics.
• Distance decay refers to the effects of distance on interaction; greater distance typically means less interaction.
• Pattern is the geometric arrangement of objects in space.
• Density is the number of things in a space.
• Time-space compression refers to the reduction in the friction of distance due to innovation in communication and transportation technologies.
• Friction of distance is the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance.
• Sense of place comprises feelings evoked by people due to experiences and memories associated with a particular place.
• Sustainability is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• Natural resources are materials or substances occurring in nature that can be used for economic gain.
• Land use refers to various ways humans utilize the land, such as for agriculture, industry, or residence.
• Environmental determinism is the study of how the physical environment predisposes societies and states toward particular development trajectories.
• Possibilism is the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people can adjust to the environment and choose a course of action.
• Scale refers to the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole.

Unit 2

• Physical factors influencing population distribution include climate, landforms, and water bodies.
• Human factors influencing population distribution include culture, economics, history, and politics.
• Arithmetic density is the total number of people divided by the total land area.
• Physiological density is the number of people per unit of area of arable land.
• Agricultural density is the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.
• Carrying capacity is the largest population size that an environment can sustain.
• Population distribution describes how population is spread out in an area.
• Population density measures the number of people per given unit of land.
• Sex ratio is the number of males per 100 females in the population.
• Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is the total number of live births per 1,000 people in a year.
• Crude Death Rate (CDR) is the total number of deaths per 1,000 people in a year.
• Child Mortality Rate (CMR) is the number of deaths of children from the age of 1 to 5 per 1,000 live births in that year
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of infants under 1 year old per 1,000 live births.
• Life expectancy at birth (LEB) is the average number of years a newborn is expected to live if current mortality trends continue.
• Dependency ratio is the number of people under 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman will have in her childbearing years.
• Natural increase is the population growth rate, the difference between birth and death rates, excluding migration.
• Population pyramids are bar graphs showing population distribution by age and sex.
• Youth dependency ratio is the ratio of people aged 0-15 to those aged 15-64.
• Elderly dependency ratio is the ratio of people aged 65 and over to those aged 15-64.
• Economically active individuals are typically between 16 and 65, usually working and paying taxes.
• Replacement level is the fertility rate needed for a population to replace itself, approximately 2.1.
• Subsistence agriculture is small-scale, low-tech farming focused on local consumption, not trade.
• Maternal mortality is the number of women who die due to pregnancy and childbirth complications.
• Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) expresses the difference in births and deaths in a population as a percentage, excluding migration.
• Population doubling time is the number of years it takes a population to double, calculated by dividing 70 by the RNI.
• Total population calculation includes CBR-CDR + immigrants - emigrants.
• The Baby Boom was a large generation in the United States born after World War II.
• Remittances are transfers of money/goods by foreign workers to their home countries.
• Net migration is the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants.
• Forced migration involves relocation where movers have no choice.
• Voluntary migration is relocation based on perceived opportunity, not force.
• Transnational migration involves movement across international borders, where individuals maintain connections to their country of origin while settling in a new country.
• Internal migration is movement of people within a country.
• Friction of distance is the increase in time, effort, and cost associated with increasing distance.
• Transhumance is the seasonal movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures.
• Chain migration is migration to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
• Step migration involves migration to a distant destination in stages.
• Intervening obstacles are environmental or cultural features hindering migration.
• Intervening opportunities are nearer opportunities that diminish the attractiveness of sites farther away.
• Guest workers migrate for higher-paying jobs, often with legal, short-term work visas.
• Circular migration involves temporary movement of a migrant worker between origin and destination for employment.
• Refugees are forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution, or disaster.
• Asylum seekers migrate to another country hoping to be recognized as refugees.
• Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) are forced to migrate within their country for political reasons similar to refugees.
• Human trafficking is the illegal trade of human beings for exploitation and forced labor.
• Immigration is the movement of individuals into a new location.
• Emigration is the movement of individuals out of an area.
• Push factors are incentives for migrants to leave a place, such as harsh conditions or political turmoil.
• Pull factors are positive conditions that attract people to a new location.
• The gravity model of migration suggests larger communities have a greater pull and attract more migrants.
• Ravenstein's Laws of Migration are a set of laws about the reasons, distance, and characteristics of migrants.
• Rustbelt to Sunbelt is internal migration in the USA from northern industrial cities to southern and western locales.
• Deindustrialization is the decline in manufacturing contribution to a national economy.

Unit 3

• Cultural trait is a single element of normal practice in a culture.
• Culture includes the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people, passed down through generations.
• Place is a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
• Place making involves people personalizing a portion of space.
• Sense of place comprises feelings evoked by experiences and memories associated with a place.
• Artifacts are visible, physical objects created by a culture.
• Sociofacts are ways people organize society and relate to one another (institutions).
• Mentifacts are the ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge of a culture.
• Popular culture is widespread among a society's population, changes quickly, and spreads rapidly via time-space compression.
• Traditional culture is more rural, slower to change, and found among isolated groups.
• Cultural norms are agreed-upon cultural practices that guide behavior.
• Cultural taboos are activities or behaviors avoided by a particular cultural group.
• Ethnocentrism involves evaluating other cultures based on preconceptions originating in one's own culture.
• Cultural relativism involves trying to understand a culture on its own terms without judgment.
• Cultural landscape displays the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape, reflecting values, beliefs, and practices.
• Sense of place an area has a distinct and meaningful character
• Centripetal force unifies people and enhances support for a group.
• Centrifugal force divides people and countries.
• Cultural Realms of the Western Hemisphere Anglo and Latin America
• Shia and Sunni are the two main branches of Islam.
• Lingua franca is a common language used for trade by people with different native languages.
• Relocation diffusion is the spread of a feature through bodily movement of people.
• Hierarchical diffusion the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places
• Expansion diffusion is the spread of a feature among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.
• Stimulus diffusion is adaptation created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place.
• Adherents are believers or followers, often of a religion.
• Denomination is a division of a religion that unites a number of congregations in a single legal and administrative body. Catholicism/Protestantism/Orthodoxy
• Sect is a relatively small group that has separated from an established denomination, beliefs not widely accepted
• Acculturation involves people within one culture adopting traits from another.
• Assimilation is a culture abandoning its original traits and adopting another, sometimes voluntary or forced.
• Syncretism involves two cultures' traits blending together, creating a new cultural trait through contact.
• Religious syncretism is the blending of features of two or more religions into a new style of religion. Santeria in Cuba (African religion + Catholicism)
• Multiculturalism is acceptance and tolerance of different cultures in close proximity.
• Cultural appropriation is inappropriate adoption of elements of one culture by members of another.
• Cultural convergence is the tendency for cultures to become more alike.
• Cultural divergence is the tendency for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar.
• Barriers to diffusion can be cultural, political (taboos), linguistic, or physical.
• Creole language a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in a place of the mother tongue
• Pidgen language When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary
• Language family is a collection of languages related through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
• Language Branch is a collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago
• Language Group is a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
• Ethnonationalism identifying and loyalty a person may feel for his or her nation. A form of nationalism in which the "nation" is defined in terms of ethnicity
• Pilgrimage is a journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.
• Prosyletize spread of religion - to persuade or convert to a religion

Unit 4

• Nation is a group sharing common cultural traits like language, religion, ethnicity, and heritage.
• Nation-state exists when the borders of a nation align with the borders of a state.
• Stateless nation refers to nations without a state to occupy.
• Multinational state contains various ethnicities and cultures within its borders, examples including the United States and Russia.
• Multistate nation is a nation living in more than one state.
• Autonomous/semi-autonomous regions are locations inside a state with authority to govern independently.
• American Indian Reservations are semi-autonomous areas managed by Native Americans.
• State consists of a defined territory with borders, a permanent population, a government, and sovereignty.
• Sovereignty is the right of a government to control territory with recognition from other states.
• Self-determination is the right of people to govern themselves, often leading to independence movements or devolution.
• Devolution shifts power from central government to regional authorities due to centrifugal forces.
• The Berlin Act of 1885 established rules for dividing the African continent among 14 European nations.
• The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI and redrew boundaries in Europe and Southwest Asia, breaking up empires into individual states.
• Territoriality is a community's sense of attachment to its territory.
• Neocolonialism involves using economic, political, cultural or other pressures in order to control or influence other countries. Often economic imperialism.
• Shatterbelts are regions of instability located between states with overlapping territoriality and political power.
• Choke points are strategic, narrow straits or canals with high competition for use.
• The 49th Parallel established a U.S./Canadian border from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean in 1846.
• Subsequent borders are drawn after settlement, reflecting changes over time (Europe).
• Antecedent borders existed before the cultural landscape emerged (49th parallel).
• Consequent borders consider existing cultural distribution when redrawing boundary lines (Nunavut and the rest of Canada).
• Superimposed boundaries are drawn over existing borders by an outside force (The Berlin Conference in Africa).
• Geometric boundaries are established on straight lines of latitude and longitude.
• Relic borders no longer exist but leave an imprint on the local cultural or environmental geography (East and West Germany).
• Defining borders involves written agreements.
• Delineating borders involves drawing borders on a map.
• Demarcating borders involves physically marking borders in real life.
• Administering borders involves managing borders.
• UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) is a code of maritime law.
• Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) extend 200 nautical miles from a coastal state.
• Shatterbelt (Again) Instability within a region that is geographically located between states with overlapping territoriality and political power. Balkan Peninsula - Former Yugoslavia
• Unitary states concentrate power in the hands of the central government.
• Federal states allocate strong power to local government units.
• Centralized Power power in the hands of a few (central government)
• Decentralized Power An organization structure in which decision-making authority is delegated to lower-level managers more familiar with local conditions than headquarters management could be.
• Census is the official count of a population
• Reapportionment is the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census
• Congressional districts are geographic areas served by one member in the House of Representatives.
• U.S. Representatives are elected in congressional districts, with numbers based on state population.
• U.S. Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress
• Redistricting involves redrawing legislative district lines to accommodate population shifts.
• Gerrymandering is the process of redrawing district boundaries to benefit the party in power.
• Packing concentrates partisan voters into a single district.
• Cracking spreads voters of one type over many districts to dilute their influence.
• Centripetal forces unify people, such as shared language, history, or culture.
• Centrifugal forces divide people and countries.
• Devolution (Again) the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states
• Autonomy is self-government, political control.
• Balkanization is state breakdown through ethnic conflicts (Former Yugoslavia in the Balkans).
• Ethnic separatism is when an ethnic group desires to separate from the larger group
• Ethnic cleansing involves forcibly removing a less powerful ethnic group to create a homogeneous region.
• Irredentism is a state's policy of wanting to take control of territory in a neighboring state inhabited by people with ethnic or linguistic links to the state.
• Supranational organizations involve three or more nation-states cooperating politically, economically, or culturally.
• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is a defense alliance formed in 1949 to counter Soviet expansion.
• The United Nations (UN) promotes dialogue among countries to maintain world peace.
• ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) is a trading bloc of 10 countries in Southeast Asia.
• The European Union (EU) is the world's largest common market.
• OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) agrees on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.
• The Arctic Council promotes cooperation among Arctic States.
• The African Union promotes unity among African states.
• Environmental sustainability involves developing practices for a world economy that the planet can support.
• Economies of scale refers to a producer's average cost per unit to falling as output rises
• Collective Defense The concept that allied nations agree to defend one another in the face of an invasion.

Unit 5

• Humid Temperate Climates Have cool winters, warm summers, and ample rainfall
• Mediterranean climate a climate marked by warm, dry summers and cool, rainy winters
• Tropical climate A type of climate found in the areas just north or south of the equator, where weather is usually hot with ample rainfall
• Subsistence Farming farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without much surplus
• Commercial farming the raising of crops and livestock for sale in markets
• Metes and Bounds A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land.
• Longlots land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, and canals - French and Spanish
• Township and range rigid grid-like pattern used to facilitate the dispersal of settlers evenly across farmlands - in the U.S. West and Midwest
• Clustered Settlements rural residents live close together in a hamlet or village
• Linear settlements settlements that form along a road or river
• Dispersed settlement pattern characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors
• Domestication is the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans.
• Agricultural hearths are places where agriculture first developed and originated.
• Fertile Crescent A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates
• The Columbian Exchange involved the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world after Columbus's voyages.
• The 1st Agricultural Revolution achieved plant and animal domestication.
• The 2nd Agricultural Revolution improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage just before the industrial revolution (1700s)
• The Green Revolution is the rapid spread of new agricultural technology, especially high-yield seeds, fertilizers and pesticides.
• Enclosure Acts laws enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land that had been common land.
• Four crop rotation An agricultural technique that involves rotating four different crops through a field to prevent soil depletion. - turnips and clover!
• Fodder food for horses or cattle
• HYVs (High Yield Varieties) Genetically engineered staple crops whose productivity per hectare is higher than other crops. Can have several harvests a year.
• GMOs crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods
• Norman Borlaug Founder of Green Revolution: Increased wheat and maize yield worldwide, 1970 Nobel Peace Prize.
• Double cropping Harvesting twice a year from the same field.
• Natural fertilizers Plant nutrients that have been obtained from natural sources and have not been chemically altered by humans
• Organic fertilizer fertilizer composed of organic matter from plants and animals
• Salinization Accumulation of salts in soil that can eventually make the soil unable to support plant growth.
• Economies of scale a proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production.
• Intensive farming agriculture that involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used
• Extensive farming Where small amounts of capital and labour are used in relation to the amount of land being farmed
• Bid rent theory refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.
• The Von Thunen Model explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy.
• Dairy farming a farm that produces milk or milk products, and are usually around big urban areas since products spoil easily
• Grain Farming The mass planting and harvesting of grain crops, such as wheat, barley, and millet.
• Feedlot cattle are fattened up.
• Ranching pasture over an extensive area.
• Market Gardening (Truck Farming) fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops
• Plantation agriculture Growing specialized crops in tropical developing countries for sale to developed countries.
• Shifting cultivation clearing forests for planting and then abandoning them.
• Family farm a farm where most of the labor required for operation is provided by a family
• Pesticides and fertilizers Used in the Green Revolution which increased food supply, growing concern over environmental and health effects of their use

Unit 6

• Urban Areas Urban Areas densely populated regions that include cities and the suburbs that surround them
• Urbanization An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
• Site physical characteristics of a place
• Situation the location of a place relative to other places
• Suburbanization Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts
• Bengaluru (Bengalore) Considered the Silicon Valley of India
• Shenzhen A city in China near Hong Kong. considered temporary residents and do not have access to all government resources (health / education)
• Washington D.C. Main function of this city is Government
• Detroit, MI The main function of this city was the auto industry
• Houston, Texas This city functioned as a key hub for the oil and energy industry in the U.S.
• Pittsburgh, PA Steel production center of the U.S.
• Urban sprawl Made possible by transportation improvements. expansion of cities into surrounding regions: large single-family homes, parking lots and large retail stores contribute to this.
• Edge City sizable retail and office space of lower than central city densities and situated on the outer fringes of older metropolitan areas - daytime population is much higher than the evening or night population.
• Boomburb a suburban area experiencing significant growth in population and prosperity. (Plano, Texas; Anaheim, California)
• Exurbs communities populated by residents who are of high socioeconomic status
• Infill the process of filling in empty or run-down parts of a city with new development
• Gravity Model A model that predicts the degree to which two places will interact. The influence of a city is based on size.
• Rank-Size Rule A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
• Primate City Rule A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
• Central Place Theory A theory that explains the distribution of services Settlements serve as centers of market areas; large settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements.
• Threshold The minimum number of people needed to support the service
• Range The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
• Megactiy city with a population of 10 million or more
• Metacity A city with a population over 20 million
• World Cities (Global Cities) Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected. (New York, London, Tokyo, Hong Kong...)
• Bid rent theory to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the CBD increases. Commercial near the CBD and residential farther from the CBD
• Concentric Zone Model A structural model of the American central city that suggests the existence of five concentric land-use rings arranged around a common center. Distance from CBD determines land use.
• Hoyt Sector Model the theory of urban structure proposes that a city develops in a series of certain sectors, instead of rings. Distance from the CBD is not key to land use. Corridors determine land use.
• Multiple Nuclei Model Type of urban form wherein cities have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place.
• Galactic City Model represents the post-industrial city with its several, dispersed business districts. Model represents decentralization of the commercial urban landscape as the economy has transitioned to services.
• Squatter Settlement An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land.
• Latin American City Model The CBD is dominant Divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine".
• African City Model model that suggests that African cities have more than one CBD, which is a remanence of colonialism
• Southeast Asian City Model The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it.
• Zoning dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence, commercial, business and manufacturing etc
• Vertical zoning when the ground floor of a building is zoned for businesses and the upper floors are for apartments
• Transportation in Nigeria Low and middle-income residents of Lagos, Nigeria spend 50% of their income on transportation
• Bicycles in Europe 40% of transport is on bikes in Amsterdam and desire to be more sustainable.
• Housing and political organization problems Local governments limit housing development to avoid urban sprawl on a city level. can lead to housing shortages (California). state and local governments are not working together.

Unit 7

• Primary Sector involves the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface
• Secondary Sector involves manufacturing useful products through processing raw materials.
• Tertiary Sector involves transportation, communications, utilities, and services to people.
• Quaternary Sector Knowledge-based sector, focusing on research and information research and management.
• Quinary Sector Highest levels of decision making, includes top officials in government and business
• Industrialization The development of industries for the machine production of goods.
• Raw materials Unprocessed natural products used in production
• Steam Engine (James Watt) James in mid 1700s, powered by steam and coal could pump water as quickly as previous engines.
• Second Agricultural Revolution benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed cultivation methods, harvesting, and storage of farm products.
• Subsistence Economy a type of economy in which human groups live off the land and have little or no surplus
• Commercial Economy a system of production of goods and services for exchange in competitive markets where price and availability are determined by supply and demand
• GNP (Gross National Product) total dollar value of goods & services produced by a nation (country's citizens) at home or away
• GDP (Gross Domestic Product) income of anyone within a country's boundaries monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a year
• GNI (Gross National Income) The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country
• Formal Economy (formal sector) The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product
• Informal economy Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product
• Hydropower energy Energy created from moving water to make electricity.
• Geothermal energy Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks.
• Fuelwood wood used as fuel
• Sustainable energy energy from sources that are renewable and have a low environmental impact
• Gini Coefficient A measure of income inequality within a population
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR) The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. 2.1 is replacement level
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
• GII (Gender Inequality Index) An indicator the extent of each country's gender inequality in reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.
• HDI (Human Development Index) a measure of a country's standard of living
• Bulk-gaining industry An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.
• Bulk-reducing industry An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.
• Least Cost Theory Model developed by Alfred Weber determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.
• Break-of-bulk point A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.
• Maternal Mortality Rate annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births
• Dexterous (adj.) skillful in the use of hands or body; clever
• Export processing zones (EPZs) zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery to attract foreign trade and investment
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
• World Systems Theory Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein a global economy, countries are INTERDEPENDENT, and a country's development depends on its standing in that global economy
• Rostow's Stages of Development A model of economic development transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries.
• Microloans/microfinance small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries
• Commodity dependence An economy relies on the export of primary commodities growth.
• Independence self-reliance and freedom from outside control
• Interdependence A relationship between countries rely on one another for resources, goods, or services
• Complimentary Trade is greater if each side has something the other needs/wants
• Comparative Advantage the other partner might be better at manufacturing products.
• International Monetary Fund (IMF) maintain global financial stability.
• World Bank assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments
• Neo-Liberal Policies economic policies that assume the free markets roles of the government
• Trickle Down Economics economic theory that holds that money lent to banks and big businesses will trickle down to consumers
• ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) trading bloc of 10 countries in Southeast Asia
• USMCA (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement) A 2018 modernize between the US, Mexico, and Canada
• European Union (EU) the world's largest common market, composed of 28 European nations
• Trade bloc A group of countries that work together to promote trade with one another by lowering trade barriers like tariffs and quotas
• Tariff Taxes on imported goods
• Dependency Theory a model of economic and social development explains global inequality poor nations by rich ones