Types of Maps

Unit 1

• Reference maps display absolute locations of places and geographic features using a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude, useful for showing landforms and places.
• Physical maps, a type of reference map, highlight identifiable natural landmarks like mountains, rivers, oceans, and elevation.
• Political maps, another type of reference map, showcase political boundaries such as countries, cities, and capitals.
• Thematic maps are used to display specific types of information or themes related to an area.
• Cartograms display statistical data by transforming or distorting space, with population being a common example.
• Choropleth maps use tones or colors to represent statistical data for different areas.
• Dot density maps use dots to indicate the presence or occurrence of a feature, such as population.
• Graduated symbols maps (or proportional symbols maps) use symbols of varying sizes to indicate the relative magnitude of a value for a geographic region.
• Absolute distance is measurement using a standard unit of length, for instance, miles or kilometers.
• Relative distance is measured in terms of cost or time, reflecting social, cultural, and economic connectivity between places, such as the relationship between the USA and China versus the USA and Iran.
• Absolute direction involves finding a location using compass directions like north, south, east, and west.
• Relative direction involves finding a location without using compass directions, using terms like left, right, forward, backward, up, and down.
• Spatial patterns arrange points by location, describing how things are laid out and organized on Earth's surface.
• Clustering is a spatial pattern where objects form a group, such as a coastal population.
• Dispersal is a spatial pattern where objects are scattered, as seen in a rural population.
• Elevation, the height above sea level, is another example of a spatial pattern.
• Spatial scale represents a hierarchy of spaces, illustrated by the location of French speakers globally, regionally (North America), nationally (Canada), and locally (Quebec).
• Map distortion occurs when projecting a 3D surface onto a 2D surface, affecting area, distance, shape, and/or direction.
• Census data involves systematically acquiring and recording information about a given population.
• The U.S. Census is conducted every 10 years to enumerate the population of the United States.
• Satellite imagery consists of images of Earth taken from orbiting satellites, used to detect specific information about the Earth, vegetation, and land cover.
• A supranational organization involves three or more nation-states cooperating politically, economically, and/or culturally to promote shared objectives; for example, the European Union.
• Photographic interpretation is the examination of photographic images to identify objects and assess their significance.
• Landscape analysis involves defining and describing landscapes.
• Personal interviews are surveys conducted face-to-face.
• Policy documents communicate policies and procedures and include government initiatives or plans.
• Travel narratives describe the author's journey to a place or discuss the customs, habits, and wildlife of a place.
• Media reports are articles published by newspapers or magazines.
• Field observations are on-site observations conducted outside of a lab setting.
• GIS (Geographic Information System) is a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
• Satellite navigation systems are portable devices that use GPS to plot the user's position.
• GPS (Global Positioning System) determines the precise position of something on Earth using satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
• Remote sensing acquires data about Earth's surface from satellites or other long-distance methods.
• The U.S. Census Bureau is responsible for producing data about the American people and economy.
• Absolute location is the exact position of an object or place measured within spatial coordinates or a grid system.
• Relative location is the position of a place in relation to another place.
• Place is a specific point on Earth distinguished by particular characteristics.
• Distance decay refers to the effects of distance on interaction; greater distance typically results in less interaction.
• Pattern is the geometric arrangement of objects in space.
• Density is the number of things in a space.
• Time-space compression is the reduction in the friction of distance due to rapid innovation in communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization.
• Friction of distance is the increase in time and cost that comes with increasing distance.
• Sense of place refers to the feelings evoked by experiences and memories associated with a particular place.
• Sustainability involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• Natural resources are materials or substances that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.
• Land use refers to various ways humans use land, such as for agriculture, industry, residential, or recreational purposes.
• Environmental determinism studies how the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular development trajectories.
• Possibilism asserts that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people can adjust to the environment and choose from various courses of action.
• Scale is the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole.

Unit 2

• Physical factors like climate, landforms, and water bodies influence population distribution.
• Human factors, including culture, economics, history, and politics, also affect population distribution.
• Arithmetic density is the total number of people divided by the total land area.
• Physiological density is the number of people per unit of arable land.
• Agricultural density is the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.
• Carrying capacity is the largest number of individuals of a population that an environment can support.
• Population distribution describes how population is spread out in an area.
• Population density is the measurement of the number of people per given unit of land.
• Sex ratio is the number of males per 100 females in the population.
• Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
• Crude Death Rate (CDR) is the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
• Child Mortality Rate (CMR) is the number of deaths of children from the age of 1 to 5 per 1,000 live births in that year.
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
• Life expectancy at birth (LEB) is the average number of years a newborn baby could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue.
• Dependency ratio is the number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
• Natural increase is the growth rate of a population, defined as the difference between birthrate and death rate, excluding migration.
• A Population Pyramid is a bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
• Youth dependency ratio is the ratio of the number of people aged 0-15 to those aged 15-64 years.
• Elderly dependency ratio is the ratio of the number of people aged 65 and over to those aged 15-64 years.
• Economically active individuals are people between the ages of 16 and 65, who are typically working and paying taxes.
• Replacement level is the fertility rate necessary for a population to replace itself, which is 2.1.
• Subsistence agriculture is self-sufficient, small-scale, low-technology agriculture emphasizing food production for local consumption, not trade.
• Maternal mortality is the number of women who die due to pregnancy and childbirth complications.
• Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) is the difference in births and deaths in a population, usually expressed as a percentage; does not include migration.
• Population doubling time is the number of years it takes a population to double, calculated by dividing the number 70 by the rate of natural increase.
• Total population includes crude birth rate minus crude death rate, plus immigrants minus emigrants.
• Baby Boom refers to the larger than expected generation in the United States born shortly after World War II.
• Remittances are transfers of money or goods by foreign workers to their home countries.
• Net migration is the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.
• Forced Migration is human migration in which movers have no choice but to relocate.
• Voluntary Migration is movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not forced.
• Transnational migration involves movement and settlement of people across international borders where individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while settling in a new country.
• Internal Migration is the movement of people within a particular country.
• Friction of distance is the increase in time, effort, and cost that comes with increasing distance.
• Transhumance is a seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures.
• Chain Migration is migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
• Step migration is migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, such as from a farm to a nearby village and later to a town and city.
• An intervening obstacle is an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.
• An intervening opportunity is the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.
• Guest Workers are workers who migrate to developed countries in search of higher-paying jobs using legal, short-term work visas .
• Circular Migration is the temporary movement of a migrant worker between origin and destination to seek employment.
• A refugee is a person forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.
• An asylum seeker is someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.
• An Internally Displaced Person (IDP) is someone forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not crossed an international border.
• Human trafficking is the illegal trade of human beings, a modern-day form of slavery, for commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor, or involuntary military combat.
• Immigration is the movement of individuals into a new location.
• Emigration is the movement of individuals out of an area.
• Push factors are incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.
• Pull factors are positive conditions and perceptions that attract people to a new location.
• Gravity model of migration states that large communities have a greater pull and attract more migrants.
• Ravenstein's Laws of Migration include the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.
• Rustbelt to Sunbelt refers to internal migration within the USA from northern industrial cities to southern and western locales from the 1980s to the present.
• Deindustrialization is the decline in the contribution of manufacturing to a national economy.

Unit 3

• A cultural trait is a single element of normal practice in a culture, such as wearing a turban.
• Culture encompasses the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group, transmitted from one generation to the next.
• Place is a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
• Place making is the way people lay claim to, take ownership of, or personalize a portion of space.
• Sense of place refers to feelings evoked by people as a result of experiences and memories associated with a particular place.
• Artifacts are visible, physical objects created by a culture.
• Sociofacts are the ways in which people organize society and relate to one another through institutions like family structures, schools, government, religion, and laws.
• Mentifacts are the ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge of a culture, including religious beliefs, language, and food preferences.
• Popular culture includes cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population, change quickly, and spread rapidly due to time-space compression.
• Traditional culture tends to be more rural, slower to change, and found among isolated groups.
• Cultural norms are agreed-upon cultural practices or standards that guide the behavior of a culture.
• Cultural taboos are activities or behaviors that are avoided or prohibited by a particular cultural group.
• Ethnocentrism is the evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.
• Cultural relativism involves trying to understand a culture on its own terms without judgment.
• Cultural landscape is the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape, reflecting values, beliefs, and practices.
• Centripetal forces unify people and enhance support for a group.
• Centrifugal forces divide people and countries.
• Cultural Realms of the Western Hemisphere include Anglo and Latin America.
• Shia and Sunni are the two main branches of Islam.
• Lingua franca is a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.
• Relocation diffusion is the spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
• Hierarchical diffusion is the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places.
• Expansion diffusion is the spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.
• Stimulus diffusion is a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place.
• Adherents are believers or followers, often of a religion.
• A denomination is a division of a branch of a religion that unites a number of congregations in a single legal and administrative body.
• Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodoxy are the three main branches of Christianity.
• A sect is a relatively small group that has separated from an established denomination with beliefs that are not widely accepted.
• Acculturation occurs when people within one culture adopt some traits from another culture.
• Assimilation occurs when one culture abandons its original culture and adopts another culture, sometimes voluntarily or by force.
• Syncretism occurs when two cultures' traits blend together to create a new cultural trait through contact such as imperialism, military conquest, immigration, or intermarriage.
• Religious syncretism is the blending of features of two or more religions into a new style of religion, such as Santeria in Cuba (African religion + Catholicism).
• Multiculturalism is the acceptance and tolerance of different cultures that exist in close proximity to one another.
• Cultural appropriation is the inappropriate adoption of elements of one culture or identity by members of another culture or identity.
• Cultural convergence is the tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world.
• Cultural divergence is the likelihood or tendency for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar.
• Barriers to diffusion include cultural or political taboos, language barriers, and physical barriers.
• Creole language is a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in a place.
• Pidgin language is when parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary.
• A language family is a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
• A language branch is a collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago.
• A language group is a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
• Ethnonationalism is the identification and loyalty a person may feel for his or her nation, where the "nation" is defined in terms of ethnicity.
• Pilgrimage is a journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.
• Proselytize means to spread religion, to persuade or convert to a religion.

Unit 4

• A nation is a group of people with a common identity through shared cultural traits such as language, religion, ethnicity, and heritage.
• A nation-state is when the borders of a nation (people) match the borders of the state, ideally having only one nation within it.
• A stateless nation is a nation of people without a state to occupy.
• A multinational state is a state with various ethnicities and cultures within its borders; examples include the United States, Russia, and Iraq.
• A multistate nation is a nation of people that live in more than one state.
• Autonomous or semi-autonomous regions are locations inside a state that are given authority to govern independently from the national government, such as American Indian Reservations.
• A state is a defined territory with borders, a permanent population, a government, and sovereignty.
• Sovereignty is the right of a government to control and defend territory and recognition from other states.
• Self-determination is the right of all people to govern themselves, often leading to independence movements or devolution.
• Devolution occurs when power is shifted from the central government to regional authorities due to centrifugal forces.
• The Berlin Act of 1885 was an agreement where 14 European nations divided the continent of Africa.
• The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI and redrew boundaries in Europe and Southwest Asia, breaking up empires into individual states.
• Territoriality is a country's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, expressed by its determination to keep it defended.
• Neocolonialism is the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, often leading to monoculture economies.
• Shatterbelts are unstable regions geographically located between states with overlapping territoriality and political power; for example, Germany during the Cold War and the Balkan Peninsula.
• Choke points are strategic straits or canals that are narrow, hard to pass through, and have competition for use, such as the Strait of Hormuz.
• The 49th Parallel was established by the Oregon Treaty of 1846 as a U.S./Canadian border.
• Subsequent borders are drawn in areas that have been settled by people, typically due to changes that have occurred over time; common in Europe.
• Antecedent borders existed before the cultural landscape emerged; an example is the 49th parallel.
• Consequent borders take into account the existing cultural distribution of the people living in the territory, such as the border between Nunavut and the rest of Canada.
• Superimposed boundaries are drawn over existing and accepted borders by an outside force, such as the boundaries imposed throughout Africa by the Berlin Conference.
• Geometric boundaries are established on straight lines of latitude and longitude instead of physical or cultural boundaries.
• Relic borders no longer exist but have left some imprint on the local cultural or environmental geography, such as the border between East and West Germany.
• Defining borders involves agreeing upon them in a written treaty.
• Delineating borders involves drawing them on a map.
• Demarcating borders involves physically marking them in real life with signs or walls.
• Administering borders involves managing them, including restrictions on how things or people move across them.
• UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) is a code of maritime law setting territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 nautical mile wide exclusive economic zones.
• Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) give coastal states exclusive mineral and fishing rights 200 nautical miles seaward.
• A unitary state places most power in the hands of central government officials.
• A federal state allocates strong power to units of local government.
• Centralized power is concentrated in the hands of a few, such as the central government.
• Decentralized power involves delegating decision-making authority to lower-level managers.
• A census is the official count of a population, completed every ten years in the U.S.
• Reapportionment is the process of reassigning representation based on population after every census.
• A congressional district is the geographic area served by one member in the House of Representatives.
• U.S. Representatives are elected in congressional districts, with the number of representatives dependent on the population of each state.
• Each state has two U.S. Senators, regardless of population size.
• Redistricting is the redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.
• Gerrymandering is the process of redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power.
• Packing involves concentrating partisan voters in a single district.
• Cracking involves spreading voters of one type over many districts where they will comprise minorities.
• Centripetal forces unify people and enhance support for a state, such as language, shared history, religion, and culture.
• Centrifugal forces divide people and countries.
• Devolution is the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states.
• Autonomy is self-government or political control.
• Balkanization is the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities, as seen in the former Yugoslavia.
• Ethnic separatism occurs when an ethnic group desires to separate from the larger group, often wanting to break away from a state.
• Ethnic cleansing is the process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one.
• Irredentism is the policy of a state wishing to take control of a territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but lies within a neighboring state.
• Supranational organizations involve three or more nation-states cooperating politically, economically, and/or culturally.
• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is a 1949 defense alliance to counter Soviet expansion
• The United Nations (UN) is an institution dedicated to promoting dialogue among countries with the goal of maintaining world peace.
• ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) is a trading bloc of 10 countries in Southeast Asia.
• The European Union (EU) is the world's largest common market.
• OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) establishes common policies for the production and sale of petroleum.
• The Arctic Council promotes cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the Arctic States.
• The African Union promotes unity among African states and fosters development and ends poverty.
• Environmental sustainability involves developing practices that create a world economy that the planet can support indefinitely.
• Economies of scale occur when a producer's average cost per unit falls as output rises.
• Collective Defense is the concept that allied nations agree to defend one another in the face of an invasion.

Unit 5

• Humid temperate climates feature cool winters, warm summers, and ample rainfall.
• Mediterranean climates are marked by warm, dry summers and cool, rainy winters.
• Tropical climates are typically hot with ample rainfall, found in areas just north or south of the equator.
• Subsistence farming provides for the basic needs of the farmer without much surplus.
• Commercial farming raises crops and livestock for sale in markets.
• Metes and Bounds is a method of land description using distances and directions and physical boundaries and measurements.
• Longlots divide land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, and canals, used by the French and Spanish.
• Township and range systems use rigid grid-like patterns to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands, primarily in the U.S. West and Midwest.
• Clustered Settlements are groups of homes bunched together.
• Linear settlements are lines of homes usually next to a river or transit route.
• Dispersed settlement pattern has isolated homes spread out over large areas.
• Domestication is the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans.
• Agricultural hearths are places where agriculture first developed and originated.
• The Fertile Crescent is a geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East, stretching from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
• The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world.
• The 1st Agricultural Revolution, dating back 10,000 years, achieved plant domestication and animal domestication
• The 2nd Agricultural Revolution started in Britain with improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce just before the industrial revolution (1700s)
• The Green Revolution involved the rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology in the mid 1900s, especially new high-yield seeds, fertilizers & pesticides.
• Enclosure Acts resulted with landowners able to purchase and enclose land for their own use, previously commonly used by peasant farmers.
• Four crop rotation is an agricultural technique that involves rotating four different crops through a field to prevent soil depletion (turnips and clover).
• Fodder is food for horses or cattle.
• HYVs (High Yield Varieties) are genetically engineered staple crops with higher productivity per hectare, capable of several harvests a year.
• GMOs are crops that carry new traits inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods.
• Norman Borlaug increased wheat and maize yield worldwide and founded the Green Revolution, receiving the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize
• Double cropping involves harvesting twice a year from the same field.
• Natural fertilizer plant nutrients obtained from natural sources and not chemically altered.
• Organic fertilizer is fertilizer composed of organic matter from plants and animals.
• Salinization is the accumulation of salts in soil that can eventually make it unable to support plant growth.
• Intensive farming involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used.
• Extensive farming uses small amounts of capital and labor relative to the amount of land being farmed.
• Bid rent theory explains how the price and demand on real estate changes with distance from the Central Business District (CBD).
• The Von Thunen Model explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial economy, with profit-making as a key component.
• Dairy farming produces milk or milk products, usually around big urban areas since products spoil easily.
• Grain farming involves the mass planting and harvesting of grain crops.
• A Feedlot is an area or building where livestock are fed and fattened up.
• Ranching is a form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.
• Market Gardening (Truck Farming) involves the small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers.
• Plantation agriculture involves growing specialized crops in tropical developing countries for sale to developed countries.
• Shifting cultivation involves clearing forests to plant fields for a few years and then abandoning them.
• Family farms rely on family labor for operation.
• Pesticides and fertilizers used in the Green Revolution increased food supply, but there are growing concerns over their environmental and health effects.

Unit 6

• Urban areas are densely populated regions that include cities and the suburbs that surround them
• Urbanization is an increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
• Site refers to the physical characteristics of a place.
• Situation is the location of a place relative to other places.
• Suburbanization is the movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts.
• Bengaluru (Bengalore) is considered the Silicon Valley of India.
• Shenzhen is a city in China where migrants are considered temporary residents with limited access to government resources.
• Washington D.C.'s main function is government.
• Detroit, MI's main function was the auto industry.
• Houston, Texas functions as a key hub for the oil and energy industry in the U.S.
• Pittsburgh, PA was a steel production center of the U.S.
• Urban sprawl is the unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of cities into surrounding regions
• Edge cities are sizable concentrations of retail and office space on the outer fringes of metropolitan areas.
• Boomburbs are suburban areas experiencing significant growth in population, sometimes larger than the nearby city.
• Exurbs are communities farther out than the suburbs.
• Infill is the process of filling in empty or run-down parts of a city with new development.
• The Gravity Model predicts the degree to which two places will interact.
• The rank-size rule states that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
• The Primate City Rule states that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
• Central Place Theory explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services
• Threshold is the minimum number of people needed to support a service.
• Range is the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
• A Megacity is a city with a population of 10 million or more.
• A Metacity is a city with a population over 20 million.
• World Cities (Global Cities) are centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected.
• Bid-rent theory explains how the price and demand on real estate changes with distance from the CBD.
• The Concentric Zone Model suggests cities have rings with land use determined by distance from the CBD.
• The Hoyt Sector Model states that cities develop in sectors.
• The Multiple Nuclei Model states that cities have numerous centers of business and cultural activity.
• The Galactic City Model represents the post-industrial city with dispersed business districts.
• A Squatter Settlement is an area where people illegally establish residences on land they do not own.
• The Latin American City Model features a dominant CBD with elite residential sectors extending outwards.
• The African City Model suggests that African cities have more than one CBD.
• The Southeast Asian City Model is is focused on the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district.
• Zoning divides an area into zones reserved for different purposes.
• Vertical zoning divides building by use
• Transportation limits income in Nigeria.
• Bicycles are a popular transport in Europe
• Housing and political problems can occur when cities limit housing and states do not compensate.

Unit 7

• The Primary Sector of the economy extracts materials from Earth's surface through agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry.
• The Secondary Sector manufactures useful products by processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.
• The Tertiary Sector provides services to people in exchange for payment, encompassing transportation, communications, and utilities.
• The Quaternary Sector focuses on knowledge-based activities like research, information research, and management.
• The Quinary Sector involves the highest levels of decision-making, including top officials in government and business.
• Industrialization is the development of industries for the machine production of goods.
• Raw materials are unprocessed natural products used in production.
• The Steam Engine was invented by James Watt and powered by steam and coal.
• The Second Agricultural Revolution benefited from the Industrial Revolution with improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm products.
• A subsistence economy is one in which human groups live off the land with little or no surplus.
• A commercial economy produces goods and services for exchange in competitive markets.
• GNP (Gross National Product) is the total dollar value of goods and services produced by a nation.
• GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the income of anyone within a country's boundaries.
• GNI (Gross National Income) is the value of the output of goods and services produced in a country.
• The formal economy is legal, taxed, and monitored.
• The informal economy is not taxed or monitored.
• Hydropower energy is created from moving water to make electricity.
• Geothermal energy originates from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks.
• Fuelwood is wood used as fuel
• Sustainable energy comes from renewable sources with a low environmental impact, like wind, solar, hydro, and geothermal.
• The Gini Coefficient measures income inequality within a population.
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years; 2.1 is the replacement level.
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old per 1,000 live births in a society.
• The GII (Gender Inequality Index) measures gender inequality in reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.
• The HDI (Human Development Index) measures a country's standard of living, including health and education.
• A bulk-gaining industry produces a final product that weighs more than the inputs.
• A bulk-reducing industry produces a final product that weighs less than the inputs.
• Least Cost Theory locates manufacturing establishments by minimizing labor, transportation, and agglomeration costs.
• A break-of-bulk point is where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.
• Maternal Mortality Rate is the annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births.
• Export processing zones (EPZs) offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment.
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
• World Systems Theory indicates that their is a global economy
• Rostow's Stages of Development describes a country's progression from least-developed to most-developed.
• Microloans/microfinance provides small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries.
• Commodity dependence occurs when an economy relies on the export of primary commodities for a large share of its export earnings.
• Independence means self-reliance and freedom from outside control.
• Interdependence occurs when countries rely on one another for resources, goods, or services.
• Trade is greater if each side has something the other needs or wants (complimentary).
• Comparative advantage occurs when one trade partner is better at producing agricultural goods, while the other partner manufactures products.
• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) maintains global financial stability.
• The World Bank assists developing nations through loans.
• Neo-liberal policies economic policies that require a minimal role of the government.
• ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)is a trading bloc of 10 countries in Southeast Asia
• USMCA (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement) is a 2018 update to NAFTA
• The European Union (EU) is the world's largest common market.
• A trade bloc is a group of countries who lower trade barriers
• Tariffs are taxes on imported goods
• Dependency Theory Global inequality caused by exloitation