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Types of Immunization
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Types of Immunization

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between passive and active immunization?

The administration of antibodies versus antigens

What is the advantage of active immunization over passive immunization?

Longer duration of protection

What is the result of passive immunization?

Immediate protection without immunological memory

What is the most common form of immunization?

<p>Active immunization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vaccines in immunization?

<p>To induce an immune response and immunological memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of vaccination?

<p>Reducing the risk of infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of natural infection?

<p>Induction of an immune response and immunological memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between natural and artificial passive immunization?

<p>Source of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of passive immunization?

<p>Short duration of protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease that was eradicated and is commonly referred to as the 'Cattle plague'?

<p>Rinderpest</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating vaccine efficacy (VE)?

<p>(ARU - ARV) / ARU × 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the rate at which a disease moves through a population?

<p>Attack Rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine is made from a weakened or attenuated form of the pathogen?

<p>Live-Attenuated vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of using genetic material to create a new vaccine?

<p>Reverse Vaccinology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a vaccine that is made from a weakened or attenuated form of the pathogen, but is unable to cause disease?

<p>Live-Attenuated vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine is made from a portion of the pathogen, rather than the entire pathogen?

<p>Component vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of using genetic material to create a new organism that can be used as a vaccine?

<p>Chimeric Organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a vaccine that is made from a toxin produced by a pathogen, which has been inactivated or weakened?

<p>Toxoid vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between live and killed vaccines?

<p>Live vaccines are attenuated, while killed vaccines are inactivated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine involves the cloning of a gene that codes for an immunogenic protein?

<p>Recombinant organism vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an adjuvant in a vaccine?

<p>To facilitate or enhance the immune response to an antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between DNA and mRNA vaccines?

<p>DNA vaccines require gene expression, while mRNA vaccines do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine involves the use of a plasmid containing a gene for the target antigen?

<p>DNA vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a DIVA vaccine?

<p>To differentiate infected from vaccinated animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the DNA in a DNA vaccine once it enters the cell?

<p>It is expressed as mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using recombinant organism vaccines?

<p>They are capable of inducing a strong immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the process of a DNA vaccine?

<p>The antigen is presented to lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the pros and cons of an attenuated live vaccine

<p>Pro = Sustained immunity Pro = Rapid onset of immunity Con = May cause immune suppression Con = Possible reversion to virulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

When your immune system gets stimulated/activated, this is a form of ________ immunity

<p>Active</p> Signup and view all the answers

When you’re giving your body the ‘weapons’, this is a type of __________ immunity.

<p>Passive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Passive immunity is termed long lived vs Active immunity is termed short lived.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active immunity has memory unlike passive immunity. Passive immunity only provides immediate and temporary immunological protection.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two disadvantages of passive immunity?

<p>Hypersensitivity reactions can occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding the case study for Parvovirus, we learned that the virus is very stable in the environment.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strain of parvo was found in the Caribbean?

<p>CPV-2a</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary clinical symptom a dog infected displays? Do we not a high or low mortality rate?

<p>The primary clinical symptom is bloody diarrhea; there is a high mortality rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Snap tests are more reliable than PCR because it’s more sensitive.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Basic principles in to identify a Vaccine adverse effects (VAE) include:

<p>Consistency , Specific and Temporal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the definitions to the correct term regarding VAE

<p>Consistency = Repeatable in different groups receiving the vaccine Temporal Relationship = The vaccine should precede the event Specific = Linked specifically to the vaccine concerned N/A = N/A</p> Signup and view all the answers

As with any medication, the use of vaccines aren’t free of risks. Because of this, adverse events are not required to be recorded and reported.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Immunization

  • Passive immunization involves the administration of antibodies, providing immediate/short-lived protection with no immunological memory
  • Active immunization involves the administration of antigens, inducing an immune response and immunological memory

Passive Immunization

  • Involves the use of preformed antibodies specific to a particular antigen
  • Provides immediate/short-lived protection
  • No immunological memory
  • Less commonly used in veterinary medicine

Active Immunization

  • Involves the administration of antigens, inducing an immune response and immunological memory
  • Most common form of immunization
  • Vaccines are the most common form of active immunization

Vaccine Efficacy

  • Expressed as a reduction in disease attack rate between unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals
  • Calculated using the formula: (ARU - ARV) / ARU x 100
  • Attack rate may refer to different outcomes such as death, severe disease, clinical disease, or infection
  • The same vaccine may have different efficacies for each outcome

Types of Vaccines

  • Live-attenuated vaccines
  • Killed/inactivated vaccines
  • Component vaccines
  • Toxoid vaccines
  • Recombinant subunit vaccines
  • Nucleic acid vaccines
  • Virus-like particles
  • Reverse vaccinology

Live Attenuated Vaccines

  • Use a weakened form of the pathogen, which induces an immune response without causing disease

Killed/Inactivated Vaccines

  • Use a killed or inactivated form of the pathogen, which induces an immune response without causing disease

Subunit Vaccines

  • Use only a portion of the pathogen, which induces an immune response without causing disease

Nucleic Acid Vaccines

  • DNA vaccines use a plasmid containing the gene for the target antigen, which generates mRNA to express the antigenic protein
  • mRNA vaccines use messenger RNA to express the antigenic protein

Recombinant Organism Vaccines

  • Involve cloning the gene that codes for the immunogenic protein and inserting it into a vector (such as a virus incapable of causing disease in the host)
  • The vaccinated host is infected with the vector, inducing an immune response

DIVA Vaccines

  • Differentiate Infected from Vaccinated Animals, allowing for the detection of infected animals

Adjuvants

  • Substances that facilitate or enhance the immune response to an antigen with which it is combined

Vaccine Safety

  • Vaccines are generally considered safe, but like all medical interventions, they can have adverse events
  • The benefits of vaccination far outweigh the risks

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Description

Learn about the differences between passive and active immunization, including their mechanisms and effects on the immune system.

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