Types of Immunity and Vaccinations (A-level Biology)

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Questions and Answers

What type of immunity develops when the body makes its own antibodies in response to pathogen exposure?

  • Artificial immunity
  • Herd immunity
  • Natural immunity (correct)
  • Passive immunity

Which type of immunity develops due to antibodies obtained from another animal?

  • Artificial immunity
  • Passive immunity (correct)
  • Herd immunity
  • Active immunity

What is the main purpose of vaccinations?

  • To provide immediate protection against pathogens
  • To develop passive immunity
  • To achieve herd immunity faster
  • To help the body make its own antibodies (correct)

What is an example of how pathogens have evolved to evade immune mechanisms?

<p>Antigen variability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the evolutionary race between pathogens and hosts, what is a common strategy used by pathogens to escape host immunity?

<p>Changing surface antigens over time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Types of Immunity

  • Natural Immunity: occurs naturally when the body is exposed to a pathogen
  • Artificial Immunity: acquired through vaccination or injection of antibodies from another animal

Active and Passive Immunity

Active Immunity

  • Develops when the body makes its own antibodies in response to pathogen exposure
  • Results in long-term immunity

Passive Immunity

  • Develops due to antibodies from another animal
  • Provides short-term immunity
  • Can be acquired through vaccination or injection of antibodies from another animal

Importance of Vaccination

  • Leads to Herd Immunity: when a sufficient percentage of the population is immunized, the spread of disease is prevented

Ethics of Vaccination

  • Raises ethical concerns about the importance of individual freedom versus the greater good of public health

Risks of Vaccines

  • May have side effects or allergic reactions
  • Can lead to antigenic variability

Antigenic Variability

  • The ability of pathogens to change their antigens to evade the host's immune mechanisms
  • Examples include:
    • Influenza Virus
    • Tuberculosis
    • HIV
  • An example of the evolutionary race between pathogens and hosts

Evolutionary Race between Pathogens and Host

  • Pathogens evolve to evade host immune mechanisms
  • Hosts adapt to combat pathogens
  • Antigenic variability is a key strategy used by pathogens in this evolutionary race

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