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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of vaccination?
Which type of vaccine is NOT classified as a live (attenuated) vaccine?
At what age is the first Oral Polio vaccine administered according to the Egyptian schedule?
Which of the following individuals is NOT associated with the historical development of vaccines?
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Which vaccine is administered at 18 months of age in the Egyptian vaccination schedule?
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What is the management for an abscess or ulcer at the injection site after BCG vaccination?
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Which of the following individuals should NOT receive the BCG vaccine?
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How should a child who has not received the BCG vaccine be managed if their tuberculin test is negative?
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What should be administered to a newborn if their mother is hepatitis BsAg positive?
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What precautions should be taken for a child scheduled for a splenectomy regarding vaccinations?
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Study Notes
Immunity Overview
- Immunity can be classified into natural and artificial types.
- Natural immunity is acquired through transplacental transfer and colostrum.
- Artificial immunity includes passive immunity through immune serum and active immunity through vaccination.
- Vaccination increases resistance to infections and targets specific diseases.
Importance of Vaccination
- Vaccination helps in stopping epidemics.
- Protects vaccinated individuals and the wider community.
- Essential for maintaining public health and general wellbeing.
Historical Background
- Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1797.
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) contributed to microbiology and vaccine development.
- Robert Koch (1845-1910) known for research in infectious diseases.
- Albert Sabin and Jonas Salk (1906-1995 and 1914-1995 respectively) developed polio vaccines.
Types of Vaccines
- Live (attenuated): Includes BCG, Sabin polio, MMR, Varicella, rotavirus, oral typhoid.
-
Non-live:
- Killed: Pertussis, Salk polio, hepatitis A, influenza.
- Part of microorganism: Acellular Pertussis.
- Polysaccharide capsule: Hib, pneumococcal, meningococcal.
- Toxoid: Diphtheria, tetanus.
- Genetically engineered: Hepatitis B.
Egyptian Vaccination Schedule
-
At Birth:
- Oral Polio: 2 drops.
- BCG, Hepatitis B: 0.05 ID injected in left shoulder.
- 2 Months: DTP: 0.5 ml IM in left thigh.
- 4 Months: Hepatitis B (2,6): 0.5 ml IM in right thigh.
- 6 Months: Oral Polio: 2 drops, ± Hib.
- 9 Months: Oral Polio: 2 drops.
- 12 Months: MMR: 0.5 ml SC in right arm, Oral Polio: 2 drops.
- 18 Months: DPT: 0.5 ml IM left thigh, MMR: 0.5 ml SC in right arm, Oral Polio: 2 drops.
BCG Vaccine Complications
- Abcess or Ulcer: Drainage or needle aspiration, possibly with INH treatment.
- Regional Lymphadenitis: No treatment unless excessive enlargement or other complications occur.
- Disseminated Disease: Requires anti-TB treatment.
Contraindications for Vaccines
- Contraindications for all vaccines: very ill children, high fever, previous anaphylaxis.
- Specific contraindications for DPT: previous convulsions, uncontrolled neurological conditions.
- MMR contraindicated if IVIG was administered in the past 3-11 months.
- Live vaccines contraindicated for immunocompromised patients.
Special Cases and Clarifications
- Children who did not receive BCG should be vaccinated if tuberculin test is negative.
- Pregnant women identified as hepatitis B positive should ensure their newborn receives specific vaccines and immunoglobulins immediately after birth.
- Preterm infants should receive vaccines according to chronological age.
- For splenectomy, patients should be vaccinated two weeks prior and receive long-term penicillin.
Additional Vaccinations
- Annual influenza vaccination recommended for children over 6 months with chronic health conditions.
- Some vaccines, such as Haemophilus influenza and rotavirus, are not obligatory in Egypt.
Chemoprophylaxis
- Administration of antimicrobial drugs for disease prevention, includes conditions like tuberculosis contact and recurrent urinary tract infections.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of immunity, including natural and artificial types. Learn about the importance of vaccination in public health and its historical development. Delve into the different types of vaccines and their roles in disease prevention.
