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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of joints?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of joints?
- Enabling body movement in response to skeletal muscle contraction.
- Binding parts of the skeletal system together.
- Generating new blood cells within the medullary cavity. (correct)
- Making bone growth possible.
Match the joint type with its corresponding degree of movement:
Match the joint type with its corresponding degree of movement:
Synarthroses = Immovable Amphiarthroses = Slightly movable Diarthroses = Freely movable
Vertebrochondral ribs attach directly to the sternum.
Vertebrochondral ribs attach directly to the sternum.
False (B)
Which type of rib is only attached to the vertebrae and not the sternum or cartilage?
Which type of rib is only attached to the vertebrae and not the sternum or cartilage?
Name the epithelial type that consists of a single layer of flattened cells, optimized for rapid diffusion and filtration.
Name the epithelial type that consists of a single layer of flattened cells, optimized for rapid diffusion and filtration.
The type of epithelium found in the urinary system organs, which allows for stretching and provides protection against leakage, is called ______ epithelium.
The type of epithelium found in the urinary system organs, which allows for stretching and provides protection against leakage, is called ______ epithelium.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is PRIMARILY associated with what function?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is PRIMARILY associated with what function?
What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
What is the primary function of sebum, produced by sebaceous glands?
What is the primary function of sebum, produced by sebaceous glands?
The skeletal system in the human body consists of approximately 300 bones at maturity.
The skeletal system in the human body consists of approximately 300 bones at maturity.
What are the two main functions of the skeletal system, as described?
What are the two main functions of the skeletal system, as described?
__________ epithelial tissue consists of cells that are cube-shaped.
__________ epithelial tissue consists of cells that are cube-shaped.
Match the following epithelial tissue types with their descriptions:
Match the following epithelial tissue types with their descriptions:
What characteristic defines pseudostratified epithelial tissue?
What characteristic defines pseudostratified epithelial tissue?
Where are membranes primarily located within the body, based on the tissue types mentioned?
Where are membranes primarily located within the body, based on the tissue types mentioned?
Membranes are primarily located in nervous and muscle tissues.
Membranes are primarily located in nervous and muscle tissues.
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of epithelial tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of epithelial tissue?
Bone tissue is classified as epithelial tissue.
Bone tissue is classified as epithelial tissue.
What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?
What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?
The pigment primarily responsible for brownish-black skin tones is called ________.
The pigment primarily responsible for brownish-black skin tones is called ________.
Match the tissue type with its primary function:
Match the tissue type with its primary function:
Osteoblasts are directly responsible for which of the following processes?
Osteoblasts are directly responsible for which of the following processes?
The basement membrane is located between which two types of tissues?
The basement membrane is located between which two types of tissues?
Which type of joint allows the greatest range of motion?
Which type of joint allows the greatest range of motion?
Given the original DNA sequence ATC-GCT, what is the corresponding mRNA sequence produced during transcription?
Given the original DNA sequence ATC-GCT, what is the corresponding mRNA sequence produced during transcription?
The codon AUG codes for the amino acid methionine and also serves as a start codon for translation.
The codon AUG codes for the amino acid methionine and also serves as a start codon for translation.
What amino acid sequence would result from the mRNA sequence: UUU-GCU?
What amino acid sequence would result from the mRNA sequence: UUU-GCU?
If a DNA template strand has the sequence 5'-GTC-3', the corresponding codon on the mRNA would be 5'-______-3'.
If a DNA template strand has the sequence 5'-GTC-3', the corresponding codon on the mRNA would be 5'-______-3'.
Which of the following mRNA sequences contains a stop codon?
Which of the following mRNA sequences contains a stop codon?
Which of the following mutations in the DNA sequence ATC-GCT would result in a silent mutation?
Which of the following mutations in the DNA sequence ATC-GCT would result in a silent mutation?
Match the following codons with their corresponding amino acids or function:
Match the following codons with their corresponding amino acids or function:
Which tRNA anticodon would bind to the mRNA codon GUA?
Which tRNA anticodon would bind to the mRNA codon GUA?
Which type of membrane is responsible for reducing friction within the thoracic cavity?
Which type of membrane is responsible for reducing friction within the thoracic cavity?
Osteocytes are responsible for creating new bone tissue.
Osteocytes are responsible for creating new bone tissue.
Bones such as the femur are classified as ______ bones because of their supportive function.
Bones such as the femur are classified as ______ bones because of their supportive function.
What is the primary reason why albinos lack pigmentation?
What is the primary reason why albinos lack pigmentation?
Match the bone cell type with its primary function:
Match the bone cell type with its primary function:
What two components make up bone in terms of organic and inorganic material, and what do they contribute?
What two components make up bone in terms of organic and inorganic material, and what do they contribute?
Which of the following describes the function of trabeculae found within spongy bone?
Which of the following describes the function of trabeculae found within spongy bone?
The periosteum is a layer of tightly packed tissue found in the epiphysis
The periosteum is a layer of tightly packed tissue found in the epiphysis
Flashcards
What is a Tissue?
What is a Tissue?
A group of similar cells performing a common function.
Four Main Tissue Types
Four Main Tissue Types
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
Connective Tissue Function
Connective Tissue Function
Binds, supports, protects, fills spaces, stores fat, and produces blood cells.
Melanin's Function
Melanin's Function
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Types of Melanin
Types of Melanin
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Bone Structure Components
Bone Structure Components
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Basement Membrane
Basement Membrane
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Main Joint Types
Main Joint Types
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Functions of Joints
Functions of Joints
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Synarthroses
Synarthroses
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Amphiarthroses
Amphiarthroses
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Diarthroses
Diarthroses
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Vertebrosternal Ribs
Vertebrosternal Ribs
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Vertebral-chondral Ribs
Vertebral-chondral Ribs
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Vertebral Ribs
Vertebral Ribs
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Transcription
Transcription
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Translation
Translation
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Sebaceous Glands
Sebaceous Glands
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Skeletal System
Skeletal System
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Squamous
Squamous
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Cuboidal
Cuboidal
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Columnar
Columnar
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Membrane
Membrane
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Cutaneous Membrane
Cutaneous Membrane
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Synovial Membrane
Synovial Membrane
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Serous Membrane
Serous Membrane
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Mucous Membrane
Mucous Membrane
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Osteoblasts
Osteoblasts
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Osteocytes
Osteocytes
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Osteoclasts
Osteoclasts
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Epiphysis
Epiphysis
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Complementary DNA
Complementary DNA
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RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
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Protein
Protein
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Genetic Code
Genetic Code
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Codon
Codon
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Start Codon (AUG)
Start Codon (AUG)
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Stop Codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)
Stop Codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)
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Study Notes
- A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a common function.
- The four major tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
Epithelial Tissue
- Covers body surfaces and lines internal organs.
- Composes glands for protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion.
- An example is the sebaceous gland.
Connective Tissue
- Widely distributed throughout the body.
- Functions to bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, and produce blood cells.
- Bone is an example.
Muscle Tissue
- Attached to bones, walls of internal organs, and the heart.
- Generates forces of movement.
- An example is the biceps.
Nervous Tissue
- Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- Conducts impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception.
- Brain is an example.
- Bones are connective tissue.
Melanin
- Melanocytes produce melanin.
- Melanin absorbs UV radiation, protecting skin cell DNA from damage and mutation.
- Melanin determines skin color.
- All humans have about the same number of melanocytes; skin color varies due to melanin amount.
- Eumelanin is primarily brownish-black.
- Pheomelanin is classified as red/yellow.
Bone Structure
- Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells found on bone surfaces, especially in areas of new growth.
- These areas include the periosteum (outer layer) and endosteum (lining of the bone marrow cavity).
- Collagen and calcium are the main components of bone structure.
Membranes
- Epithelial tissue lies on the basement membrane.
- The basement membrane anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue.
Joints
- Joints are articulations, including fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial types.
- They function as junctions between bones, bind the skeletal system, enable movement via muscle contraction, allow bone growth, and permit skeletal changes during childbirth.
Joint Movement
- Synarthroses joints are immovable; an example is skull sutures.
- Amphiarthroses joints are slightly movable; an example is the pubic symphysis.
- Diarthroses joints are freely movable; examples are the shoulder and elbow.
Ribs
- Vertebrosternal ribs, the first seven, attach directly to the sternum and vertebrae.
- Vertebral-sternal ribs (1-7) attach to the vertebra in the back and sternum in the front
- Vertebral-chondral ribs (8-10) attach to the vertebra in the back and cartilage of rib 7 in the front.
- Vertebral ribs (11-12) attach only to the vertebra in the back.
- Humans have 12 pairs of ribs
Epithelial Cell Types
- Simple squamous epithelium: one layer of flattened cells for rapid diffusion and filtration.
- Simple cuboidal epithelium: one layer of cube-shaped cells for glandular secretion and protection.
- Simple columnar epithelium: one layer of elongated cells with nuclei at the same level above the basement membrane providing for secretion, absorption, and protection of underlying tissues.
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: one layer of elongated, varied cells with nuclei at different levels; it appears stratified but isn't, and it protects respiratory surfaces.
- Stratified squamous epithelium: many layers of flattened cells; it provides a thick barrier against microorganisms and water loss, protecting from injury.
- Stratified cuboidal epithelium: two or three layers of cube-shaped cells; it protects the ducts of various glands.
- Stratified columnar epithelium: superficial cells are elongated, basal layers are cube-shaped; it protects larger gland ducts and facilitates secretion.
- Transitional epithelium: several layers of cells change shape in response to increased tension such as an expandable linings of organs.
DNA Sequencing
- Original DNA sequence: ATC-GCT
- Complimentary DNA sequence: TAG-CGA
- RNA sequence: AUC-GCU
- Protein sequence from RNA: Ile-Ala
Sebaceous Glands
- Sebaceous glands produce and secrete sebum, a fatty substance.
- Sebum lubricates the skin and hair, prevents water loss, and keeps the skin pliable.
Skeletal System
- There are 206 bones in the human skeletal system.
- The skeletal system supports movement and protects vital organs.
- Osteoblasts make new bone.
- Osteocytes maintain bone density.
- Osteoclasts degrade bone.
- Collagen provides bone flexibility (1/3 of weight).
- Calcium gives bone hardness and durability (2/3 of weight).
Bone Classification
- Long bones support (e.g., femur).
- Short bones provide flexibility (e.g., tarsals, carpals).
- Sesamoid bones are short and round (e.g., patella).
- Flat bones offer protection (e.g., ribs, scapula).
- Irregular bones are flexible (e.g., vertebra).
- Wormian (sutural) bones form between sutures.
Long Bone Parts
- Epiphysis is the tip of the bone (distal and proximal).
- Articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage on the tips of bones.
- The diaphysis is the bone shaft.
- Compact bone is tightly packed tissue
- Spongy bone is located in the epiphysis
- Trabeculae are bony plates that branch from spongy bones
- Periosteum is dense connective tissue around the bone.
- The medullary cavity is a tube-like hollow chamber.
- The endosteum is the thin lining within the medullary cavity containing bone-forming cells.
- The bone marrow can be red or yellow.
Membranes (Epithelial Tissue)
- Thin layers of tissue that produce fluid to reduce friction, located in connective and epithelial tissue types.
- Cutaneous Membranes: cover the body as skin
- Synovial Membranes: line joints, composed entirely of connective tissue.
- Serous Membranes: line closed body cavities, reduce friction, line the inner thorax and abdomen, secreting serous fluid.
- Mucous Membranes: line organs leading outside, like the mouth, nose and throat secreting mucus.
- Albinos have melanocytes but don't make melanin.
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Description
Explore the structure and function of the four primary tissue types in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Understand their roles in protection, support, movement, and communication, with examples like bone, brain and sebaceous glands to illustrate their diversity and importance.
