Parental tonicity

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of a homogeneous mixture?

The composition is uniform throughout the mixture (correct)

It involves dissolving a solute in a specific temperature

It contains identifiable separate components

It has water as the solvent

In a NaCl solution, what is the solvent?

Sand

Solute

Water (correct)

NaCl

Which type of solution has water as the solvent?

Dry cleaning solution

Non-aqueous solution

Aqueous solution (correct)

Solid solution

What defines solubility in a solution?

The maximum amount of solute at a specific temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability of a solvent to dissolve a solute called?

Solubility Signup and view all the answers

What type of solution is formed by dissolving copper in zinc?

Solid solution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines tonicity?

The ability of a solution to cause a cell to shrink or swell based on the movement of water across the cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the osmolality of a 300 mmol/L solution of sucrose?

300 mOsm/kg H2O Signup and view all the answers

In which solution do red blood cells maintain their normal volume?

300 mmol/L solution of sucrose Signup and view all the answers

What is the intracellular fluid osmolality of red blood cells?

$285 mOsm/kg H2O$ Signup and view all the answers

Which solution is hypotonic for red blood cells?

300 mmol/L solution of urea Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of acceptable osmolality for solutions for nose, eye, and injections?

$275-300 mOsm/kg$ Signup and view all the answers

What does the differential effect of sucrose and urea solutions on red cell volume depend on?

Permeability of the plasma membrane to sucrose and urea Signup and view all the answers

What does the RBC membrane contain uniporters for?

$urea$ Signup and view all the answers

What does the RBC membrane not contain?

sucrose transporters. Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal serum osmolality close to?

$285 mOsm/kg$ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for parenteral formulations?

Low osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal osmolality of extracellular fluid?

280-295 mOsmol/kg Signup and view all the answers

Which sterilization method is NOT used for parenteral preparations?

Autoclaving Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between osmolarity and osmolality?

Osmolarity is independent of temperature and pressure, while osmolality is dependent on these factors Signup and view all the answers

What does tonicity refer to?

The ability to maintain the balance of water in and out of cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the pH requirements for intramuscular administration?

3-11 Signup and view all the answers

What does an isotonic solution do to cell volume?

It has no effect on cell volume Signup and view all the answers

What does hypotonic solution do to cells?

Cause cells to swell Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the estimation of the osmolar concentration of plasma and is proportional to the number of particles per liter?

Osmolarity Signup and view all the answers

What must excipients do in parenteral preparations?

Increase stability or usefulness Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Water is the solvent in all body fluids, and the human body contains approximately 60% water by weight.
Drugs must have some level of aqueous solubility for therapeutic efficiency, regardless of the route of administration.
Parenteral formulations are medications administered through means other than the digestive system.
Parenteral preparations may be injectable solutions, intravenous infusions, powders for injections, or implants.
Parenteral formulations may contain various excipients to improve stability or usefulness.
Sterility, absence of particulate matter, pyrogen-free status, stability, pH, and osmotic pressure are requirements for parenteral formulations.
The pH requirements vary depending on the administration route: IV (2-12), IM (3-11), and SC (3-6). pH values outside this range can cause adverse effects.
Excipients must increase stability or usefulness, not be harmless in the amounts administered, and not interfere with therapeutic efficacy or specified assays and tests.
Parenteral preparations must be sterile or free of microorganisms, prepared using aseptic techniques and special equipment.
Sterilization methods include steam, dry heat, filtration, chemical sterilization, and radiation.
Osmolarity is an estimation of the osmolar concentration of plasma and is proportional to the number of particles per liter.
Osmolality is an estimation of the osmolar concentration of plasma and is proportional to the number of particles per kilogram.
The normal osmolality of extracellular fluid is 280-295 mOsmol/kg.
Tonicity refers to the ability of a solution to maintain the balance of water in and out of cells.
Isotonic solutions have the same osmotic pressure as the body's fluids and do not affect cell volume.
Hypotonic solutions cause cells to swell, while hypertonic solutions cause cells to shrink.
The terms osmolarity and osmolality are used interchangeably, but osmolality is preferred as it is independent of temperature and pressure.
Osmolality is measured in clinical laboratories using an osmometer.
Parenteral formulations must be isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic, depending on the therapeutic application.

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Description

Test your knowledge of different types of formulations and solutions with this quiz! Learn about the characteristics of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, as well as the role of solvents in solutions.