Parenteral Formulations: Solutions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of solubility?

  • The maximum amount of solvent that will dissolve in a solute
  • The maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a solvent at a specified temperature (correct)
  • The uniform composition of a mixture throughout
  • The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent

    • In a solid solution, what serves as the solvent?

  • Zinc (correct)
  • Copper
  • Ethene
  • Brass

    • Which factor does NOT affect solubility?

  • Color of the solute (correct)
  • Pressure
  • Solute-solvent interactions
  • Temperature

    • What characterizes an aqueous solution?

    <p>Water as the solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a solution is present in the largest amount?

    <p>Solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mixture involves identifying separate components, like salt and sand?

    <p>Heterogeneous mixture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for drugs to exhibit at least limited aqueous solubility for therapeutic efficiency?

    <p>To facilitate drug distribution in the body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of parenteral formulations over oral administration in emergency situations?

    <p>Rapid drug bioavailability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a disadvantage associated with the injectable route of drug administration?

    <p>Higher chances of improper dosing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is strict adherence to aseptic procedures required in parenteral formulations?

    <p>To prevent microbial growth in the drug preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pH ranges is suitable for subcutaneous administration of parenteral preparations?

    <p>$pH 3-6$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding excipients to parenteral preparations?

    <p>To enhance therapeutic efficacy and stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to destroy all living organisms and their spores in parenteral preparations?

    <p>Steam sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement for parenteral formulations to maintain stability?

    <p>$Pyrogen-free$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenteral route involves injection directly into a patient's vein?

    <p>$IV$ (Intravenous)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between osmolarity and osmolality?

    <p>Osmolarity is expressed as mmol/L or mol/L, while osmolality is expressed as mOsmol/kg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of tonicity in a solution?

    <p>Tonicity is a measure of the solute's ability to cross the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal osmolality of extracellular fluid?

    <p>285 mOsmol/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a hypotonic solution on a cell?

    <p>The cell swells and eventually bursts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between an isotonic solution and an isosmotic solution?

    <p>An isotonic solution has the same salt concentration as blood and cells, while an isosmotic solution has the same number of solutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using an osmometer to measure osmolality?

    <p>Osmolarity is a calculated value, while osmolality is a measured value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of pseudohyponatraemia in nephrotic syndrome?

    <p>Pseudohyponatraemia makes osmolarity unreliable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the range 275-300 mOsm/L for solutions used in nose, eye, and injection?

    <p>Solutions within this range are isotonic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a hypotonic and a hypertonic solution?

    <p>A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration, while a hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of solute permeability in determining the tonicity of a solution?

    <p>Solute permeability determines the ability of a solute to cross the cell membrane, which affects the tonicity of a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Solutions

    • A solution is a homogeneous mixture with uniform composition throughout.
    • Examples: salt-water solution, NaCl solution.
    • A solution can contain more than one solute.
    • Types of solutions:
      • Aqueous solution: water as solvent.
      • Non-aqueous solution: water is not the solvent.
      • Solid solution: solid as solvent.

    Solubility

    • Solubility is the ability of a solvent to dissolve a solute.
    • Defined as the maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature.
    • Solubility depends on various factors:
      • Solute-solvent interactions.
      • Temperature.
      • Pressure.
      • Polymorphic form of the solid.

    Parenteral Formulations

    • Introducing a drug into the body through a route other than the digestive system.
    • Parenteral preparations:
      • Sterile, pyrogen-free liquids (e.g., solutions, emulsions, suspensions).
      • Solid dosage forms packaged in single-dose or multidose containers.
    • Administered through the skin or mucus membranes into internal body compartments.

    Rational and Advantages

    • Rational: drug is not absorbed orally, unstable in GIT, or undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism.
    • Advantages:
      • 100% drug bioavailability is possible.
      • Prolonged drug action is possible.
      • Correcting serious disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balances.
      • Supplying total nutritional requirements when food cannot be taken orally.
      • Patient compliance problems can be largely avoided.

    Disadvantages

    • Most inconvenient route of administration.
    • Pain upon injection.
    • Requires trained professional for administration.
    • Higher chances of improper dosing, adverse effects, and blood clot formation.
    • Expensive manufacturing and packaging requirements.

    Parenteral Routes of Administration

    • Common injections: IV, IM, SC.
    • IV: directly into a patient's vein.
    • IM: into the muscles.
    • SC: just under the skin.
    • Common injection sites: abdominal wall, thigh, deltoid area.

    Requirements for Parenteral Formulations

    • Sterility.
    • Particulate material-free.
    • Pyrogen-free.
    • Stability.
    • pH.
    • Osmotic pressure.

    pH Requirements

    • Normally close to physiological pH (7.4).
    • pH 2-12 can be tolerated for IV (SVP, rapid bolus).
    • pH 3-11 for IM administration.
    • pH 3-6 for SC administration.
    • pH > 9 – necrosis.
    • pH < 3 – pain, phlebitis.

    Added Substances (Excipients)

    • Added only if they increase stability or usefulness.
    • Not harmless in the amounts administered.
    • Do not interfere with the therapeutic efficacy of the preparation or with specified assays and tests.
    • Examples: antibacterial preservatives, buffers, solubilizers, antioxidants.

    Sterility

    • Parenteral preparations must be sterile or free of microorganisms.
    • Ensured through:
      • Aseptic techniques.
      • Special clothing (gowns, masks, hair net, gloves).
      • Laminar flow hoods placed in special rooms.

    Sterilization

    • Means destruction of all living organisms and their spores or their complete removal from the preparation.
    • Methods:
      • Steam.
      • Dry heat.
      • Filtration.
      • Chemical sterilization.
      • Radiation (gamma radiation).

    Osmolality and Osmolarity

    • Osmolality: concentration as number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent.
    • Osmolarity: concentration as number of solute particles per litre of solvent.
    • Isosmotic: two solutions with the same number of solutes or osmolality.
    • Isotonic: when a solution has the same salt concentration as the blood and cells of the human body.
    • Hypertonic: higher solute concentration.
    • Hypotonic: lower solute concentration.

    Tonicity

    • Refers to the ability of a solution to change the volume of a cell.
    • Isotonic solution: does not change the volume of a cell.
    • Hypotonic solution: causes a cell to swell.
    • Hypertonic solution: causes a cell to shrink.
    • Tonicity takes into consideration the ability of the solute to cross the cell membrane.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about solutions, homogeneous mixtures, heterogeneous mixtures, solvents, and more in the context of parenteral formulations. Understand the concept of well-mixed compositions and differentiating between types of mixtures.

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