Types of Feedback in Sports

Types of Feedback

• Sports-related feedback consists of two main types: Task-Intrinsic Feedback and Augmented Feedback.

Task-Intrinsic Feedback

• Natural sensory feedback available during skill performance.
• Includes various sensory modalities: auditory, visual, proprioceptive, and tactile.

Augmented Feedback

• External information added to the sensory feedback, enhancing skill performance understanding.
• Also known as extrinsic feedback.

Types of Augmented Feedback

• Divided into two categories: Knowledge of Results (KR) and Knowledge of Performance (KP).

Knowledge of Results (KR)

• Provides feedback on the outcome of a skill or the achievement of performance goals.
• Examples include statements like “Your shot went into the rough” or “You walked 10 feet more today than yesterday.”

Knowledge of Performance (KP)

• Offers insights into the movement characteristics that influenced the performance outcome.
• Example: “You should bend your knees more as you walk.”

Quantitative Augmented Feedback

• Incorporates numerical data related to performance characteristics.
• Example: The speed of a pitched baseball.

Qualitative Augmented Feedback

• Descriptive feedback indicating the quality of performance using terms such as "good" or "long."

Performance Bandwidth

• Defines a range of acceptable performance error for providing augmented feedback.
• Feedback is delivered only when errors fall outside this range.

Need for Augmented Feedback in Skill Learning

• Vital for skill acquisition but not always essential.
• Can enhance learning beyond intrinsic capabilities; however, it may also impede learning under certain circumstances.

Types of Knowledge of Performance (KP)

• Verbal KP: Can be either descriptive or prescriptive.
• Video replays of skill performances help visualize errors and corrections.
• Movement kinematics provide data on performance dynamics.
• Biofeedback offers physiological feedback related to performance.

Descriptive Knowledge of Performance (KP)

• Focuses solely on errors made during performance without solutions.

Prescriptive Knowledge of Performance (KP)

• Identifies errors and instructs on corrective measures.

Concurrent Augmented Feedback

• Given during the execution of a skill, can positively or negatively impact skill acquisition.

Terminal Augmented Feedback

• Delivered after completing a skill or movement, aiding overall performance evaluation.