10 Questions
How can incorrect usage of knowledge of results and knowledge of performance be detrimental?
Incorrect usage of knowledge of results and knowledge of performance can demotivate the performer and weaken the S-R bond.
What did the research by Bandura and Cervone in 1983 demonstrate about feedback and goal setting?
The research demonstrated that feedback is more effective when it is combined with goal setting.
What kind of feedback should be given to novice performers?
Novice performers should receive feedback that is limited in information and focused on very specific, easily understood points.
Why is intrinsic feedback less reliable for novice performers?
Intrinsic feedback is less reliable for novice performers due to their lack of kinaesthetic awareness.
What are the stages of learning described in the text?
The stages of learning are cognitive, associative, and autonomous.
How does feedback change as a performer becomes more experienced?
More experienced performers rely more on intrinsic feedback and less on external feedback.
What is the role of performance/goal charts in enhancing performance?
Performance/goal charts provide feedback on current performance and set clear, progressive targets.
Explain the importance of amplitude of performance feedback.
Positive amplitude of performance feedback is important to encourage the performer.
During which stage of learning does a performer benefit the most from external feedback?
A performer benefits most from external feedback during the cognitive and associative stages.
Why is feedback essential for effective information processing?
The quality and nature of feedback are crucial in determining the effectiveness of information processing.
Study Notes
Feedback
- A coach provides feedback to a performer to help them detect errors, especially if they have limited kinaesthetic awareness.
- Feedback involves using information available during or after a performance to alter the performance.
Intrinsic Feedback
- Intrinsic feedback is internal or arising from the sensory system and is continuous in nature.
- It arises from signals from proprioceptors found in muscles, ligaments, and joints.
- Kinaesthesia is the collective term for such sensory feedback.
- Advantages: readily available, can correct movements immediately, and doesn't rely on others.
Key Terms
- Internal/Intrinsic: continuous feedback from proprioceptors found in muscles, ligaments, and joints.
- Extrinsic/Augmented Feedback: feedback that comes from an external source, such as a teacher or coach.
- Positive Feedback: reinforces skill learning and provides information about a successful outcome.
Feedback Types
-
Negative Feedback
- Provides accurate information about negative aspects of performance.
- Motivates performers who require further refinement of their skills.
- Disadvantages: can be demotivating, especially if the feedback is unhelpful or inaccurate.
-
Extrinsic Feedback
- Advantages: provides accurate information, motivates performers, and helps them identify areas for improvement.
- Disadvantages: can be complex and may be detrimental to learning if feedback is unhelpful or inaccurate.
Knowledge of Results
- Feedback is external and can come from the performer seeing the result of their response or from another person.
- Extremely important for the performer to know what the result of their action has been.
Knowledge of Performance
- Feedback about the pattern of movement that has taken or is taking place.
- Normally associated with external feedback but can be gained through kinaesthetic awareness.
Practical Example
- A coach of a trampolinist should use simple verbal feedback and playing videos of the performance in slow motion.
Evaluation
- Both knowledge of results and knowledge of performance can help with motivation, but if used incorrectly, can be detrimental.
- Feedback should be accurate, specific, and not contain too much information.
Research in Focus
- Feedback and setting goals are linked, and research shows that setting goals enhances the effects of feedback.
Effective Feedback
- The type of feedback that is given or available to a novice is different from that available for an experienced performer.
- Feedback should involve a limited amount of information, focusing on specific, easily understood points.
Summary
- Three stages of learning: cognitive, associative, and autonomous.
- In the cognitive stage, learners rely on external feedback.
- In the associative stage, learners continue to gain more timing and speed with less external guidance.
- In the autonomous stage, learners benefit from intrinsic feedback.
- Feedback occurs in both explicit and implicit forms.
Learn about the role of a coach in providing feedback to athletes, including the importance of video analysis and kinaesthetic awareness in detecting errors and improving performance.
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