Types of Distributed Systems
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes cluster computing?

  • A group of high-end systems connected through a single wide-area network.
  • A configuration that allows for distributed resource allocation among multiple organizations.
  • A system composed of heterogeneous nodes across multiple locations.
  • A collection of similar systems working together in close proximity under a single management. (correct)

    • What characterizes grid computing compared to cluster computing?

  • Grid computing exclusively utilizes high-speed local area networks for connections.
  • Grid computing allows for heterogeneous nodes and spans multiple organizations. (correct)
  • Grid computing typically employs a master node to manage resources.
  • Grid computing consists of nodes that are all located in the same physical space.

    • In a cluster computing model, what role does the master node typically play?

  • It functions as a remote access network for the cluster.
  • It serves as a compute node to process heavy calculations.
  • It acts as a virtual organization for resource allocation.
  • It manages the overall operation and coordination of compute nodes. (correct)

    • What is a crucial feature of virtual organizations within grid computing?

    <p>They facilitate user collaboration and authorize resource sharing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary difference between the types of networks used in cluster and grid computing?

    <p>Cluster computing is limited to local area networks, whereas grid computing commonly involves wide-area networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Fabric layer in grid computing?

    <p>Provides interfaces to local resources for querying state and capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer in grid computing is primarily responsible for managing a single resource?

    <p>Resource layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the Connectivity layer in grid computing systems?

    <p>Manages communication and transaction protocols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of grid computing, which layer deals with collective access to resources?

    <p>Collective layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer contains the actual grid applications used in a single organization?

    <p>Application layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)?

    <p>Allows direct application-to-application communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes a nested transaction?

    <p>A transaction that can contain other transactions as subtransactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'ABORT TRANSACTION' command do?

    <p>Restores previous values and cancels the transaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Transaction Processing Monitor (TPM) primarily manage?

    <p>Communication between client applications and servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of a transaction is described as 'durable'?

    <p>Changes made are permanent once committed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of distributed transaction processing, what issue complicates transactions?

    <p>Data distribution across multiple servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of system is characterized by many networked applications needing integration?

    <p>Distributed information systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects the concept of 'atomic' in a transaction?

    <p>All parts of the transaction must succeed or fail together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primitive operation in transaction processing?

    <p>COMMIT ALL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key aspect does not describe 'isolation' in transaction processing?

    <p>Subtransactions can interfere with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of nodes in sensor networks?

    <p>Often battery-powered or battery-less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario do sensors process and store data?

    <p>When sending data directly to the operator's site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the functionality of a sensor network sending only answers to queries?

    <p>Sensors perform minimal data processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many nodes are typically present in a sensor network?

    <p>10s to 1000s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of using battery-powered nodes in sensor networks?

    <p>They require frequent maintenance and replacements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a TP Monitor in a distributed system?

    <p>To coordinate the execution of a transaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method allows for messaging without requiring both the caller and callee to be operational at the same time?

    <p>Message Oriented Middleware (MOM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a downside of using file transfer for application integration?

    <p>It lacks flexibility and requires understanding of file formats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Message Oriented Middleware (MOM)?

    <p>It sends messages to logical contact points for distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common advantage of using a shared database for application integration?

    <p>It allows common data schemes to be used across applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key feature distinguishes Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) from messaging systems?

    <p>RPC requires both caller and callee to be available simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a messaging approach be preferred over RPC in some situations?

    <p>Messaging reduces synchronous dependencies between components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which integration method poses a risk of creating performance bottlenecks?

    <p>Shared database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Types of Distributed Systems

    Cluster Computing

    • Involves high-end systems connected via a Local Area Network (LAN).
    • Typically homogeneous, sharing the same operating system and similar hardware.
    • Managed by a single master node overseeing the compute nodes for efficiency.
    • Local Operating Systems (OS) enable each compute node to perform parallel computations.
    • High-speed networking supports standard remote access and communication.

    Grid Computing

    • Represents an evolution in distributed computing, connecting heterogeneous nodes across multiple organizations.
    • Designed to span wide-area networks (WANs) effectively.
    • Virtual organizations facilitate collaboration by grouping user IDs for resource allocation authorization.

    Architecture for Grid Computing

    • Fabric Layer: Interfaces with local resources, responsible for querying states and capabilities.
    • Resource Layer: Manages individual resources, overseeing tasks like process creation and data reading.
    • Connectivity Layer: Provides communication protocols for data transfer among resources and handles authentication.
    • Collective Layer: Manages access to multiple resources, focusing on discovery, scheduling, and data replication.
    • Application Layer: Hosts grid applications relevant to the organization.

    Distributed Information Systems

    Integrating Applications

    • Organizations face challenges in achieving interoperability among various networked applications.
    • Integration involves clients combining requests from different applications, collecting responses, and presenting a unified result.
    • Direct application-to-application communication leads to Enterprise Application Integration (EAI).

    EAI: Transactions

    • BEGIN TRANSACTION: Initiates a transaction process.
    • END TRANSACTION: Completes the transaction and attempts to commit changes.
    • ABORT TRANSACTION: Cancels the transaction and restores prior values.
    • READ/WRITE Operations: Involves data retrieval and storage from/to files or databases.
    • All-or-nothing property essential for nested transactions maintains atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability.

    Transaction Processing Monitor (TPM)

    • Coordinates transactions affecting data distributed across various servers.
    • Ensures that requests from clients are properly managed and executed by the TP monitor.

    Middleware and EAI

    • Communication Middleware: Facilitates integration through servers and clients communicating effectively.
    • Remote Procedure Call (RPC): Allows requests to be processed as messages, with results returned like typical procedure calls.
    • Message-Oriented Middleware (MOM): Sends messages to a logical contact point, forwarding to subscribed applications.

    Integration Methods

    • File Transfer: Easy but lacks flexibility; requires knowledge of file formats and management.
    • Shared Database: More flexible but prone to bottlenecks and requires a common data scheme.
    • Remote Procedure Call: Suitable for executing sequences of actions.
    • Messaging: Decouples communication in time and space, enhancing reliability and flexibility.

    Pervasive Systems: Sensor Networks

    • Characterized by numerous simple nodes (10s to 1000s) with low memory and computational power.
    • Often powered by batteries, or even battery-less, highlighting their energy-efficient design.
    • Can operate as distributed databases, with two models for processing and data management:
      • Direct Data Transfer: Sensors send unprocessed data to an operator's site.
      • Query-Response Model: Sensors respond only to specific data requests, streamlining data handling.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the various types of distributed systems, including cluster and grid computing. Participants will learn about their architectures, operational functionalities, and the management of resources within these systems. Dive into the differences and similarities that shape computing across networks.

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