Types of Diseases

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of epithelial cells in the body?

To protect and absorb substances (correct)

To produce hormones and regulate metabolism

To remove debris and fight infection

To provide strength and structure to tissues

What is the primary mechanism of genetic diseases?

Mutations or alterations in genes inherited from parents (correct)

Immune response to pathogens, irritants, or damaged tissue

Progressive degeneration of tissues or organs due to aging or other factors

Disruptions during embryonic or fetal development

Which of the following is an example of a degenerative disease?

Spina bifida

Rheumatoid arthritis

Parkinson's disease (correct)

Down syndrome

What is the primary role of collagen in connective tissue?

To provide strength and structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of hyperplastic diseases?

Increase in the number of cells due to excessive cell division Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell death occurs due to lack of oxygen in tissues?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an idiopathic disease?

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of atrophy due to disuse?

Lack of physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of acute inflammation?

Rapid onset and short duration with exudation and influx of neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of inflammatory diseases?

Immune response to pathogens, irritants, or damaged tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a neoplastic disease?

Lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fibroblasts in the repair process?

To form scar tissue by deposition of collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between regeneration and organization in repair processes?

Regeneration replaces damaged cells with identical cells, while organization forms scar tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of functional diseases?

Disorders where there is no structural abnormality but impaired physiological function Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an iatrogenic disease?

Medication side effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of labile cells?

They continuously divide and grow Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Disease

Genetic Diseases: caused by mutations or alterations in genes inherited from parents, examples include Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and sickle cell disease.
Developmental Diseases: result from disruptions during embryonic or fetal development, examples include Spina bifida and congenital heart defects.
Degenerative Diseases: progressive degeneration of tissues or organs due to aging or other factors, examples include Parkinson's disease and age-related macular degeneration.
Inflammatory Diseases: immune response to pathogens, irritants, or damaged tissue, examples include Rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.
Hyperplastic Diseases: increase in the number of cells due to excessive cell division, examples include Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and endometrial hyperplasia.
Neoplastic Diseases: abnormal growth of cells that can be benign or malignant, examples include Lung cancer and benign fibroids.
Functional Diseases: disorders where there is no structural abnormality but impaired physiological function, examples include Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and fibromyalgia.

Causes of Disease

Internal factors: genetic predisposition, autoimmune disorders, and hormonal imbalances.
External factors: infections (viruses, bacteria, parasites), environmental toxins (pollutants, chemicals), and physical trauma.
Idiopathic diseases: diseases of unknown origin or cause, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Iatrogenic diseases: resulting from medical interventions, e.g., medication side effects and surgical complications.
Nosocomial diseases: infections acquired in healthcare settings, like hospital-acquired pneumonia.

Cellular Structure

Epithelial cells: form linings and coverings of surfaces throughout the body, protecting and absorbing substances, including squamous, cuboidal, and columnar epithelium.
Collagen and elastin cells: found in connective tissue, collagen provides strength and structure, while elastin allows tissues to stretch and recoil.
Leukocytes: white blood cells involved in immune responses, including neutrophils (phagocytosis), lymphocytes (adaptive immunity), and macrophages (cleaning debris).

Injury and Repair

Cell death from lack of oxygen: ischemia leads to hypoxia, causing cellular metabolic dysfunction and ultimately cell death through necrosis or apoptosis.
Atrophy mechanisms:
- Senile atrophy: age-related decrease in cell size and function.
- Disuse atrophy: decrease in tissue mass due to lack of physical activity.
- Denervation atrophy: loss of nerve supply leading to muscle atrophy.
- Pressure atrophy: compression causing reduced blood flow and tissue breakdown.
- Endocrine atrophy: hormonal changes affecting tissue growth and metabolism.
Inflammation process:
- Vascular response: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, allowing plasma proteins and leukocytes to enter tissues.
- Cellular response: migration of leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes) to the site of injury, phagocytosis of pathogens or debris.
Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation:
- Acute inflammation: rapid onset, short duration (hours to days), characterized by exudation and influx of neutrophils.
- Chronic inflammation: prolonged inflammation (weeks to months or longer), involves lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibrosis.
Repair processes:
- Regeneration: replacement of damaged cells with identical cells, restoring tissue structure and function.
- Organization: formation of scar tissue by fibroblasts and deposition of collagen fibers to fill gaps left by tissue damage.

Cancer

Cell types:
- Labile cells: continuously divide and differentiate, can repair damaged tissue.
- Stable cells: undergo cell division infrequently, maintain tissue structure and function.
- Permanent cells: rarely divide, can be replaced by stem cells.