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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of epithelial cells in the body?
What is the primary mechanism of genetic diseases?
Which of the following is an example of a degenerative disease?
What is the primary role of collagen in connective tissue?
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What is the primary mechanism of hyperplastic diseases?
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Which type of cell death occurs due to lack of oxygen in tissues?
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Which of the following is an example of an idiopathic disease?
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What is the primary cause of atrophy due to disuse?
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What is the main characteristic of acute inflammation?
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What is the primary mechanism of inflammatory diseases?
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Which of the following is an example of a neoplastic disease?
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What is the primary role of fibroblasts in the repair process?
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What is the primary difference between regeneration and organization in repair processes?
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What is the primary mechanism of functional diseases?
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Which of the following is an example of an iatrogenic disease?
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What is the characteristic of labile cells?
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Study Notes
Types of Disease
- Genetic Diseases: caused by mutations or alterations in genes inherited from parents, examples include Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and sickle cell disease.
- Developmental Diseases: result from disruptions during embryonic or fetal development, examples include Spina bifida and congenital heart defects.
- Degenerative Diseases: progressive degeneration of tissues or organs due to aging or other factors, examples include Parkinson's disease and age-related macular degeneration.
- Inflammatory Diseases: immune response to pathogens, irritants, or damaged tissue, examples include Rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.
- Hyperplastic Diseases: increase in the number of cells due to excessive cell division, examples include Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and endometrial hyperplasia.
- Neoplastic Diseases: abnormal growth of cells that can be benign or malignant, examples include Lung cancer and benign fibroids.
- Functional Diseases: disorders where there is no structural abnormality but impaired physiological function, examples include Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and fibromyalgia.
Causes of Disease
- Internal factors: genetic predisposition, autoimmune disorders, and hormonal imbalances.
- External factors: infections (viruses, bacteria, parasites), environmental toxins (pollutants, chemicals), and physical trauma.
- Idiopathic diseases: diseases of unknown origin or cause, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
- Iatrogenic diseases: resulting from medical interventions, e.g., medication side effects and surgical complications.
- Nosocomial diseases: infections acquired in healthcare settings, like hospital-acquired pneumonia.
Cellular Structure
- Epithelial cells: form linings and coverings of surfaces throughout the body, protecting and absorbing substances, including squamous, cuboidal, and columnar epithelium.
- Collagen and elastin cells: found in connective tissue, collagen provides strength and structure, while elastin allows tissues to stretch and recoil.
- Leukocytes: white blood cells involved in immune responses, including neutrophils (phagocytosis), lymphocytes (adaptive immunity), and macrophages (cleaning debris).
Injury and Repair
- Cell death from lack of oxygen: ischemia leads to hypoxia, causing cellular metabolic dysfunction and ultimately cell death through necrosis or apoptosis.
- Atrophy mechanisms:
- Senile atrophy: age-related decrease in cell size and function.
- Disuse atrophy: decrease in tissue mass due to lack of physical activity.
- Denervation atrophy: loss of nerve supply leading to muscle atrophy.
- Pressure atrophy: compression causing reduced blood flow and tissue breakdown.
- Endocrine atrophy: hormonal changes affecting tissue growth and metabolism.
- Inflammation process:
- Vascular response: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, allowing plasma proteins and leukocytes to enter tissues.
- Cellular response: migration of leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes) to the site of injury, phagocytosis of pathogens or debris.
- Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation:
- Acute inflammation: rapid onset, short duration (hours to days), characterized by exudation and influx of neutrophils.
- Chronic inflammation: prolonged inflammation (weeks to months or longer), involves lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibrosis.
- Repair processes:
- Regeneration: replacement of damaged cells with identical cells, restoring tissue structure and function.
- Organization: formation of scar tissue by fibroblasts and deposition of collagen fibers to fill gaps left by tissue damage.
Cancer
- Cell types:
- Labile cells: continuously divide and differentiate, can repair damaged tissue.
- Stable cells: undergo cell division infrequently, maintain tissue structure and function.
- Permanent cells: rarely divide, can be replaced by stem cells.
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Description
Learn about the different types of diseases, including genetic, developmental, and degenerative diseases, their mechanisms, and examples.
