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Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of Lewin and Festinger in relation to social cohesion?
According to cognitive dissonance theory, what creates psychological tension within a group?
What determines a group's level of cohesiveness according to the text?
How does cognitive dissonance theory explain the reaction of loosely affiliated group members to prophecy failure?
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What belief is central to the concept of collective efficacy in a group?
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Why does cognitive dissonance theory predict different reactions based on commitment strength to a prophecy?
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Which negative effect of power refers to the loss of perspective-taking and the tendency to misjudge others?
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According to the passage, what is the primary reason for the occurrence of pluralistic ignorance in a group?
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What is the primary function of role differentiation in groups, as described in the passage?
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Which term describes the process where powerholders extract obedience from group members by starting with minor demands and gradually increasing them?
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What did the statement 'Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely!' imply about the impact of power?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the five classes of roles described in the passage?
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What is the primary function of task roles, as described in the passage?
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Which dysfunctional group process is linked to the rise of revolutionary coalitions as more members rebel against authority?
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What type of actions does the Lucifer effect suggest that even benign individuals can be induced to perform under extreme powerful conditions?
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What is the primary consequence of role ambiguity, as described in the passage?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between role differentiation and socialization, as discussed in the passage?
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What is the main difference between compliance and congruence in Asch's study on conformity?
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In terms of conformity rates, what does Bond and Smith's review suggest about individuals in collectivistic societies compared to those in individualistic societies?
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Which group tends to create compliance according to Moscovici's conversion theory?
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How do women and men differ in their approach to conformity within groups, based on the text?
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What is the key factor that determines when people resist the group's influence and instead change the group, according to Moscovici's conversion theory?
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How do individuals displaying anti-conformity differ from those displaying independence within a group?
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Which of the following is NOT an important element of group structure?
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Which of the following statements about descriptive norms is TRUE?
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Based on the information provided, which of the following is a proscriptive norm?
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What is the underlying pattern that defines and organizes a group?
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Which of the following statements about group structure is NOT supported by the information provided?
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According to the passage, why do norms develop in groups?
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Study Notes
Types of Cohesion
- Emotional cohesion: shared emotions among group members
- Social cohesion: emphasized by Lewin and Festinger, focusing on attraction in individuals and groups
- Task cohesion: strength of a group's cohesive efforts, influenced by factors such as attraction, stability, size, and structure
Factors Influencing Cohesion
- Cognitive Dissonance theory: underlying psychological tension created when an individual's behavior is inconsistent with their thoughts and beliefs
- Collective efficacy: shared belief among group members that the group is capable of organizing and executing actions
- Attraction: bond between group members, influencing cohesion
- Stability: group's stability, influencing cohesion
- Size and structure: group's size and structure, influencing cohesion
Group Processes
- Power corrupts: excessive self-regard, risk-taking, loss of perspective-taking, and misjudging others
- The Lucifer effect: even benign individuals can perform negative, immoral actions in powerful groups
- Coercive methods: linked to dysfunctional group processes, including revolutionary coalitions, reactance, and disrupted interpersonal relations
- Pluralistic Ignorance: situation where virtually every group member privately disagrees with the group's prevailing attitudes and beliefs
Group Roles and Stress
- Five classes of roles: prospective member, new member, full member, marginal member, and ex-member
- Role differentiation: gradual increase in the number of roles and decrease in their scope over time
- Role ambiguity: poorly defined behaviors associated with a role
- Task roles: relate to getting the work done, including initiating structure, providing task-related feedback, and setting goals
- Relationship roles: focus on social aspects, such as maintaining group harmony
Conformity and Group Pressure
- Asch's study: measured people's decisions when the majority of their group made errors judging line lengths
- Three kinds of social responses to group pressure: compliance, conversion, and congruence
- Conformity rates vary across time, cultures, sexes, and group settings
- Personality traits related to conformity: women conform slightly more than men, primarily in face-to-face groups
Resisting Group Influence
- Conversion theory: consistent minorities can be influential, although indirectly and delayed
- Tuckman's five-stage model: describes group development, including dependence, pressure to conform, and proscriptive norms
Group Structure
- Definition: underlying pattern of roles, norms, and networks of relations among members
- Three important elements: norms, roles, and networks of connections among members
- Norms: implicit, self-generating, and stable standards for group behavior, regulating group behavior and interactions
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Description
Explore the different types of cohesion in social psychology, including emotional cohesion, social cohesion, and task cohesion. Learn about the factors that contribute to a group's level of cohesiveness and the theories that explain group dynamics.