Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of Lewin and Festinger in relation to social cohesion?
What is the main focus of Lewin and Festinger in relation to social cohesion?
- The influence of group size on cohesion
- The role of stability in group dynamics
- The impact of attraction on cohesion (correct)
- The effect of cognitive dissonance on group behavior
According to cognitive dissonance theory, what creates psychological tension within a group?
According to cognitive dissonance theory, what creates psychological tension within a group?
- High level of collective efficacy
- Cohesive task focus
- Inconsistent behavior with thoughts and beliefs (correct)
- Shared emotions among group members
What determines a group's level of cohesiveness according to the text?
What determines a group's level of cohesiveness according to the text?
- Initiation focus on task
- Teamwork displayed by group members
- Attraction, stability, size, structure (correct)
- Collective efficacy
How does cognitive dissonance theory explain the reaction of loosely affiliated group members to prophecy failure?
How does cognitive dissonance theory explain the reaction of loosely affiliated group members to prophecy failure?
What belief is central to the concept of collective efficacy in a group?
What belief is central to the concept of collective efficacy in a group?
Why does cognitive dissonance theory predict different reactions based on commitment strength to a prophecy?
Why does cognitive dissonance theory predict different reactions based on commitment strength to a prophecy?
Which negative effect of power refers to the loss of perspective-taking and the tendency to misjudge others?
Which negative effect of power refers to the loss of perspective-taking and the tendency to misjudge others?
According to the passage, what is the primary reason for the occurrence of pluralistic ignorance in a group?
According to the passage, what is the primary reason for the occurrence of pluralistic ignorance in a group?
What is the primary function of role differentiation in groups, as described in the passage?
What is the primary function of role differentiation in groups, as described in the passage?
Which term describes the process where powerholders extract obedience from group members by starting with minor demands and gradually increasing them?
Which term describes the process where powerholders extract obedience from group members by starting with minor demands and gradually increasing them?
What did the statement 'Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely!' imply about the impact of power?
What did the statement 'Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely!' imply about the impact of power?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five classes of roles described in the passage?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five classes of roles described in the passage?
What is the primary function of task roles, as described in the passage?
What is the primary function of task roles, as described in the passage?
Which dysfunctional group process is linked to the rise of revolutionary coalitions as more members rebel against authority?
Which dysfunctional group process is linked to the rise of revolutionary coalitions as more members rebel against authority?
What type of actions does the Lucifer effect suggest that even benign individuals can be induced to perform under extreme powerful conditions?
What type of actions does the Lucifer effect suggest that even benign individuals can be induced to perform under extreme powerful conditions?
What is the primary consequence of role ambiguity, as described in the passage?
What is the primary consequence of role ambiguity, as described in the passage?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between role differentiation and socialization, as discussed in the passage?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between role differentiation and socialization, as discussed in the passage?
What is the main difference between compliance and congruence in Asch's study on conformity?
What is the main difference between compliance and congruence in Asch's study on conformity?
In terms of conformity rates, what does Bond and Smith's review suggest about individuals in collectivistic societies compared to those in individualistic societies?
In terms of conformity rates, what does Bond and Smith's review suggest about individuals in collectivistic societies compared to those in individualistic societies?
Which group tends to create compliance according to Moscovici's conversion theory?
Which group tends to create compliance according to Moscovici's conversion theory?
How do women and men differ in their approach to conformity within groups, based on the text?
How do women and men differ in their approach to conformity within groups, based on the text?
What is the key factor that determines when people resist the group's influence and instead change the group, according to Moscovici's conversion theory?
What is the key factor that determines when people resist the group's influence and instead change the group, according to Moscovici's conversion theory?
How do individuals displaying anti-conformity differ from those displaying independence within a group?
How do individuals displaying anti-conformity differ from those displaying independence within a group?
Which of the following is NOT an important element of group structure?
Which of the following is NOT an important element of group structure?
Which of the following statements about descriptive norms is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about descriptive norms is TRUE?
Based on the information provided, which of the following is a proscriptive norm?
Based on the information provided, which of the following is a proscriptive norm?
What is the underlying pattern that defines and organizes a group?
What is the underlying pattern that defines and organizes a group?
Which of the following statements about group structure is NOT supported by the information provided?
Which of the following statements about group structure is NOT supported by the information provided?
According to the passage, why do norms develop in groups?
According to the passage, why do norms develop in groups?
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Study Notes
Types of Cohesion
- Emotional cohesion: shared emotions among group members
- Social cohesion: emphasized by Lewin and Festinger, focusing on attraction in individuals and groups
- Task cohesion: strength of a group's cohesive efforts, influenced by factors such as attraction, stability, size, and structure
Factors Influencing Cohesion
- Cognitive Dissonance theory: underlying psychological tension created when an individual's behavior is inconsistent with their thoughts and beliefs
- Collective efficacy: shared belief among group members that the group is capable of organizing and executing actions
- Attraction: bond between group members, influencing cohesion
- Stability: group's stability, influencing cohesion
- Size and structure: group's size and structure, influencing cohesion
Group Processes
- Power corrupts: excessive self-regard, risk-taking, loss of perspective-taking, and misjudging others
- The Lucifer effect: even benign individuals can perform negative, immoral actions in powerful groups
- Coercive methods: linked to dysfunctional group processes, including revolutionary coalitions, reactance, and disrupted interpersonal relations
- Pluralistic Ignorance: situation where virtually every group member privately disagrees with the group's prevailing attitudes and beliefs
Group Roles and Stress
- Five classes of roles: prospective member, new member, full member, marginal member, and ex-member
- Role differentiation: gradual increase in the number of roles and decrease in their scope over time
- Role ambiguity: poorly defined behaviors associated with a role
- Task roles: relate to getting the work done, including initiating structure, providing task-related feedback, and setting goals
- Relationship roles: focus on social aspects, such as maintaining group harmony
Conformity and Group Pressure
- Asch's study: measured people's decisions when the majority of their group made errors judging line lengths
- Three kinds of social responses to group pressure: compliance, conversion, and congruence
- Conformity rates vary across time, cultures, sexes, and group settings
- Personality traits related to conformity: women conform slightly more than men, primarily in face-to-face groups
Resisting Group Influence
- Conversion theory: consistent minorities can be influential, although indirectly and delayed
- Tuckman's five-stage model: describes group development, including dependence, pressure to conform, and proscriptive norms
Group Structure
- Definition: underlying pattern of roles, norms, and networks of relations among members
- Three important elements: norms, roles, and networks of connections among members
- Norms: implicit, self-generating, and stable standards for group behavior, regulating group behavior and interactions
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