Types of Chemical Reactions

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Questions and Answers

Which family of elements is characterized by having eight valence electrons?

  • Noble gases (correct)
  • Alkali metals
  • Halogens
  • Alkaline Earth metals

What charge does an aluminum ion carry after losing three electrons?

  • +3 (correct)
  • 0
  • +1
  • +2

Which of the following statements about protons and electrons is correct?

  • Protons are negatively charged and electrons are positively charged.
  • Protons and electrons are present in equal numbers in neutral atoms. (correct)
  • All atoms have more protons than electrons.
  • Electrons have a higher mass than protons.

Which of the following elements is the most reactive non-metal?

<p>Fluorine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the charge of the nucleus of an atom?

<p>Protons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many valence electrons do halogens have?

<p>Seven (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ion name and symbol for a sulfur ion that has gained two electrons?

<p>Sulfur ion, S2- (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines a multivalent element?

<p>An element with multiple possible ion charges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is covalent?

<p>Diphosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of metals on the periodic table?

<p>They are typically conductive and malleable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element has an atomic number of 55?

<p>Cesium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the horizontal rows of elements on the periodic table?

<p>Periods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four chemical families discussed in Science 9?

<p>Alkali metals, Alkaline earth metals, Halogens, Noble gases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many protons does Selenium have?

<p>34 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between atomic number and electrons in a neutral atom?

<p>Atomic number is equal to the number of protons and electrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element has the following atomic configuration: 34 protons, 45 neutrons?

<p>Selenium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Unreactive & Stable Family

Noble gases are unreactive and stable due to having a full outer electron shell (8 valence electrons).

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom, involved in chemical bonding.

Alkali Metals Valence Electrons

One valence electron.

Alkaline Earth Valence Electrons

Two valence electrons.

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Halogens Valence Electrons

Seven valence electrons.

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Noble Gases Valence Electrons

Eight valence electrons (except Helium, which has 2).

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Losing Two Electrons Charge

A +2 charge.

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Most Reactive Metal

Cesium, an alkali metal.

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Most Reactive Nonmetal

Fluorine, a halogen.

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Subatomic Particle Charges

Protons are positive, electrons are negative, and neutrons are neutral.

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Nucleus Charge Determination

Protons determine the positive charge of the nucleus.

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Equal Subatomic Particles

Atoms have an equal number of protons and electrons.

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Multivalent Ion

An ion that can have more than one possible charge.

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Ionic Bonds

Chemical bonds formed between a metal and a nonmetal.

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Covalent Bonds

Chemical bonds formed between nonmetals.

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Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

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Selenium difluoride

A compound formed from selenium and fluorine, covalently bonded.

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Magnesium Phosphide

A compound formed from magnesium and phosphorus, ionically bonded.

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Periodic Table Groups

Vertical columns on the periodic table, representing elements with similar chemical properties.

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Periodic Table Periods

Horizontal rows on the periodic table, representing increasing atomic number.

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Alkali Metals

Highly reactive metals in Group 1 of the periodic table.

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Alkaline Earth Metals

Reactive metals in Group 2 of the periodic table.

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Transition Metals

Metals in the center of the periodic table.

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Halogens

Highly reactive nonmetals in Group 17 of the periodic table.

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Noble Gases

Nonreactive gases in Group 18 of the periodic table.

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Metals

Elements on the left side of the periodic table that are often shiny, conductive, and malleable.

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Nonmetals

Elements on the right side of the periodic table, often not shiny, not conductive, and brittle.

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Metalloids

Elements along the staircase on the periodic table, with properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals.

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Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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Atomic Symbol

The abbreviation for an element.

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Protons

Positively charged particles in an atom's nucleus.

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Electrons

Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus.

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Study Notes

Types of Reactions

  • Synthesis: Two elements combine to form one compound (A + B → AB)
  • Decomposition: A compound breaks down into two or more elements or simpler compounds (AB → A + B)
  • Single Replacement: One element replaces another element in a compound (AB + C → AC + B or AB + C → CB + A)
  • Double Replacement: The positive ions of two compounds switch places (AB + CD → AD + CB)
  • Acid-Base Neutralization: An acid and a base react to form a salt and water (HA + BOH → Hâ‚‚O + BA)
  • Combustion: A substance reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water (CxHy + Oâ‚‚ → COâ‚‚ + Hâ‚‚O)

Identification of Reactions

  • Na3PO4 + 3KOH → 3NaOH + K3PO4: Double replacement
  • MgCl2 + Li2CO3 → MgCO3 + 2LiCl: Double replacement
  • C6H12 + 9O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O: Combustion
  • Pb + FeSO4 → PbSO4 + Fe: Single replacement
  • CaCO3 → CaO + CO2: Decomposition
  • P4 + 3O2 → 2P2O3: Synthesis
  • 2RbNO3 + BeF2 → Be(NO3)2 + 2RbF: Double replacement
  • 2AgNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag: Single replacement
  • C3H6O + 4O2 → 3CO2 + 3H2O: Combustion
  • 2C5H5 + Fe → Fe(C5H5)2: Synthesis
  • SeCl6 + O2 → SeO2 + 3Cl2: Double replacement
  • 2MgI2 + Mn(SO3)2 → 2MgSO3 + MnI4: Double replacement
  • 2SO3 → 2S + 3O2: Decomposition
  • 2NO2 → 2O2 + N2: Decomposition

Acid-Base Reactions

  • Acids: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, CH3COOH
  • Bases: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, NH3, H3PO4
  • Acid-base reaction examples: HCI + NaOH → NaCl + H2O, H2SO4 + KOH → K2SO4 + H2O, HNO3 + NH3 → NH4NO3
  • products of acid-base reaction: Salt + Water

Lewis Diagrams & Diagrams of lonic Compounds

  • Lewis diagrams: show only an atom's valence electrons, also called Lewis Structure or electron dot diagram
  • Bohr diagrams show all electrons an atom has

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