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Questions and Answers
Which type of bond is characterized by the sharing of one pair of electrons between two atoms?
Which type of bond is characterized by the sharing of one pair of electrons between two atoms?
- Double covalent bond
- Metallic bond
- Single covalent bond (correct)
- Triple covalent bond
Which of the following compounds contains a double covalent bond?
Which of the following compounds contains a double covalent bond?
- O2 (correct)
- H2
- CH4
- NH3
What distinguishes a triple covalent bond from other types of covalent bonds?
What distinguishes a triple covalent bond from other types of covalent bonds?
- It involves the sharing of three pairs of electrons. (correct)
- It can only occur between metal atoms.
- It results in the formation of a linear molecule only.
- It is formed between two atoms of the same element only.
Which of the following examples is NOT a covalent bond?
Which of the following examples is NOT a covalent bond?
Which molecules correctly illustrate the concept of covalent bonds?
Which molecules correctly illustrate the concept of covalent bonds?
What is the main characteristic that allows metals to conduct electricity effectively?
What is the main characteristic that allows metals to conduct electricity effectively?
Which of the following properties is NOT typically associated with metallic bonds?
Which of the following properties is NOT typically associated with metallic bonds?
What type of attraction characterizes a metallic bond?
What type of attraction characterizes a metallic bond?
Which metal is least likely to exhibit the characteristic properties of metallic bonding?
Which metal is least likely to exhibit the characteristic properties of metallic bonding?
Which property of metals is primarily due to the ability to deform under stress without breaking?
Which property of metals is primarily due to the ability to deform under stress without breaking?
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Study Notes
Types of Chemical Bonds
- Covalent Bond: Formed by mutual sharing of electrons between atoms, can be similar or dissimilar.
- Single Covalent Bond: Involves one pair of shared electrons (e.g., H2, Cl2, NH3).
- Double Covalent Bond: Involves two pairs of shared electrons.
- Triple Covalent Bond: Involves three pairs of shared electrons.
Metallic Bonds
- Found in metals like copper (Cu), iron (Fe), gold (Au), and silver (Ag).
- Characterized by attraction between positive nuclei and delocalized electrons.
- Properties:
- Good conductors of heat and electricity.
- Exhibit a lustrous, shiny surface.
- Capable of being deformed without breaking (malleable).
- Can be drawn into wires (ductile).
Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond
- Formed when hydrogen bonds occur within a single molecule (e.g., ortho nitro phenol).
Significance of Hydrogen Bonds
- Contributes to the liquid state and high boiling point of water.
- Responsible for adhesive properties in substances like glue or honey.
- Rigidifies wood fibers.
- Provides flexibility to proteins through interactions between amino acids.
Types of Solids
- Crystalline Solid: Has regularly arranged constituent particles (e.g., NaCl, sugar).
- Amorphous Solid: Does not possess a definite structure.
Unit Cell Types
- Cubic Crystal:
- Types of Cubic Structures:
- Simple Cubic (SC) Crystal: Contains 1 atom per unit cell.
- Face Centered Cubic (FCC): Contains 4 atoms per unit cell (1 from corners and 3 from face centers).
- Body Centered Cubic (BCC): Not detailed but exists within cubic structures.
- Types of Cubic Structures:
Electrochemistry
- Metal corrosion is a spontaneous reaction involving electrolytes.
- Electrodes:
- Cathode: Negative terminal; reduction occurs here.
- Anode: Positive terminal; oxidation occurs here.
- Electrolytes Classification:
- Strong Electrolytes: Fully ionize in solution (e.g., HCl, NaOH).
- Weak Electrolytes: Partially ionize; degree of ionization increases with dilution (e.g., CH3COOH).
- Non-Electrolytes: Do not conduct electricity in aqueous solutions (e.g., sugar, oil).
Electronic Configuration
- Tables list atomic number, element names, electronic configuration, and number of valence electrons (e.g., Hydrogen has 1s1 with 1 valence electron; Neon has a complete shell with 8 valence electrons).
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