Chemistry of Life
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Questions and Answers

Which level in the biological organization hierarchy represents an increase in organizational complexity?

  • Organelles
  • Tissues (correct)
  • Atoms
  • Organ systems

    • What is primarily composed of atoms and molecules?

  • Organ systems
  • Tissues
  • Cells (correct)
  • Organs

    • What represents a higher level of organization than tissues and organs?

  • Ecosystems
  • Communities
  • Populations
  • Organ systems (correct)

    • What is the basic unit of cells?

    <p>Organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level in the hierarchy extends beyond the individual organism?

    <p>Biosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest level of biological organization in the hierarchy?

    <p>Biosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mass of a neutron in one atomic mass unit (amu)?

    <p>1 amu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons are located in the innermost shell of an atom?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons?

    <p>Isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical half-life of a radioisotope?

    <p>The time for 50% of the radioisotope to become stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radiation do radioisotopes lose in the form of high energy particles?

    <p>Gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are radioisotopes used in medical imaging procedures?

    <p>To trace products of metabolic reactions involving these elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of an ion that has lost an electron and satisfies the octet rule?

    <p>+1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many covalent bonds can nitrogen form?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond occurs when two hydrogen atoms share a single pair of electrons?

    <p>Single covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of molecule contains both polar and nonpolar regions?

    <p>Amphipathic molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines how electrons are shared in covalent bonds?

    <p>Electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a nonpolar molecule, what type of bonds does it contain?

    <p>Nonpolar covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atom has the greatest electronegativity among the 4 most common elements composing living organisms?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the simplest type of covalent bond called?

    <p>Single covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond forms between polar molecules?

    <p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of surfactant in the lungs?

    <p>Prevents collapse of moist sacs of air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the attraction between water molecules and a substance other than water?

    <p>Adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of water contributes to keeping body temperature constant?

    <p>High specific heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the heat required for the release of molecules from a liquid phase into a gaseous phase for 1 gram of a substance?

    <p>Heat of vaporization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of substances are referred to as hydrophilic?

    <p>Polar molecules and ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for substances that do not dissolve in water?

    <p>Hydrophobic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when water spontaneously dissociates to form ions?

    <p>'H2O' remains neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an acid do when added to water?

    <p>Increases concentration of free H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a base do when added to a solution?

    <p>Accepts H+ from the solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for molecules with polar and nonpolar regions?

    <p>Amphipathic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are substances that remain intact but do not conduct current when dissolved in water?

    <p>Nonelectrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range for plain water?

    <p>0 to 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pH as the concentration of H+ ions increases?

    <p>pH increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of buffers in the body?

    <p>To maintain pH within a critical range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a suspension?

    <p>Appears cloudy or opaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of mixture has particles smaller than those in a suspension but larger than those in a solution?

    <p>Colloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does molarity express?

    <p>Moles solute per liter solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do osmolarity and osmolality measure?

    <p>Number of particles in a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the number of particles in a solution?

    <p>Osmoles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is central in the transfer of chemical energy within a cell?

    <p>'ATP'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when water and carbon dioxide combine?

    <p>Producing H2CO3 (carbonic acid)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if there is an excess of H+ ions or OH- ions in the body?

    <p>Buffers help maintain pH within a critical range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to molarity with changes in temperature?

    <p>It remains constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level in the biological organization hierarchy is primarily composed of cells?

    <p>Tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest level of biological organization in the hierarchy?

    <p>Biosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which level in the hierarchy do macromolecules exist?

    <p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of matter includes blood?

    <p>Liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents an increase in organizational complexity beyond tissues and organs?

    <p>Organ systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which level in the hierarchy do atoms and molecules exist?

    <p>Atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons does oxygen need to complete its outer shell?

    <p>Two electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of covalent bond forms when two nitrogen atoms share three pairs of electrons?

    <p>Triple covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atom forms four covalent bonds?

    <p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for large molecules with both polar and nonpolar regions?

    <p>Amphipathic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines how electrons are shared in covalent bonds?

    <p>Electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of covalent bond involves the sharing of one pair of electrons?

    <p>Single covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of nonpolar molecules?

    <p>They contain nonpolar covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond occurs between two oxygen atoms when they share two pairs of electrons?

    <p>Double covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for weak chemical attractions between molecules that are important for the shape of complex molecules?

    <p>Van der Waals interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a periodic table, what increases from left to right across a row?

    <p>Electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for large molecules with both polar and nonpolar regions?

    <p>Amphipathic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond occurs when carbon atoms bond with hydrogen atoms?

    <p>Nonpolar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range for plain water?

    <p>7-10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pH change as the concentration of H+ ions increases?

    <p>pH decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the number of particles in a solution?

    <p>Osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does molarity express?

    <p>Mass per volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines how electrons are shared in covalent bonds?

    <p>Electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if there is an excess of H+ ions or OH- ions in the body?

    <p>Decreased pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents a higher level of organization than tissues and organs?

    <p>Organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily composed of atoms and molecules?

    <p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when water and carbon dioxide combine?

    <p>Formation of carbonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do osmolarity and osmolality measure?

    <p>Number of particles in a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of water contributes to keeping body temperature constant?

    <p>High heat capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond forms between polar molecules?

    <p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond forms between polar molecules?

    <p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for molecules with polar and nonpolar regions?

    <p>Amphipathic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of water contributes to keeping body temperature constant?

    <p>High specific heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the attraction between water molecules and a substance other than water?

    <p>Adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents the phases of water depending on temperature?

    <p>Liquid, solid, gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of substances are referred to as hydrophilic?

    <p>Polar molecules and ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for substances that do not dissolve in water?

    <p>Hydrophobic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level in the hierarchy extends beyond the individual organism?

    <p>Ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond occurs when two hydrogen atoms share a single pair of electrons?

    <p>Nonpolar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of water causes the inward pulling of cohesive forces at the surface of water?

    <p>Cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component prevents the collapse of moist sacs of air in the lungs?

    <p>Lipoprotein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the number of particles in a solution?

    <p>Molality (m)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents the number of protons in an atom of an element?

    <p>Atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isotopes of an element differentiated by?

    <p>Atomic mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do radioisotopes contain in excess, making them unstable?

    <p>Neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical half-life of a radioisotope?

    <p>The time for 50% of radioisotope to become stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is used in some states for lethal injection?

    <p>K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What charge does an anion have?

    <p>-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond forms between sodium and chlorine in table salt (NaCl)?

    <p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the attraction between water molecules and a substance other than water?

    <p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do covalently bonded molecules involve?

    <p>Sharing of electrons between atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the structural formula of a molecule indicate?

    <p>The arrangement of atoms within the molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of elements do molecular compounds involve?

    <p>Different elements sharing electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the weak chemical attractions between molecules that are important for the shape of complex molecules?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many covalent bonds can carbon form?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond occurs between two nitrogen atoms when they share three pairs of electrons?

    <p>Triple covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for molecules with both polar and nonpolar regions?

    <p>Amphipathic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines how electrons are shared in covalent bonds?

    <p>Electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of covalent bond involves the sharing of one pair of electrons?

    <p>Single covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level in the hierarchy represents an increase in organizational complexity?

    <p>Organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the highest level of biological organization in the hierarchy?

    <p>Biosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents a higher level of organization than organs?

    <p>Organ systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which level in the hierarchy do atoms and molecules exist?

    <p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the attraction between water molecules and a substance other than water?

    <p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when water spontaneously dissociates to form ions?

    <p>Production of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mass of a neutron in one atomic mass unit (amu)?

    <p>Approximately 1 amu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of an ion that has lost an electron and satisfies the octet rule?

    <p>+1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of substances are referred to as hydrophilic?

    <p>Substances that dissolve in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when water spontaneously dissociates to form ions?

    <p>Formation of hydronium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical half-life of a radioisotope?

    <p>Can vary from a few hours to thousands of years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a suspension?

    <p>Particles do not settle out over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pH as the concentration of H+ ions increases?

    <p>pH decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if there is an excess of H+ ions or OH- ions in the body?

    <p>Disturbance in pH balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond forms between polar molecules?

    <p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for nonpolar molecules placed in a polar substance?

    <p>Hydrophobic interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes two-thirds of the human body by weight?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of kinetic energy of atoms or molecules within a substance?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances dissolve in water are called 'universal solvents'?

    <p>Polar molecules and ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when water spontaneously dissociates to form ions?

    <p>Equal numbers of positive and negative ions produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance that donates protons when dissolved in water?

    <p>Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents a higher level of organization than tissues and organs?

    <p>Organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond occurs when two hydrogen atoms share a single pair of electrons?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for weak chemical attractions between molecules that are important for the shape of complex molecules?

    <p>Van der Waals forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents a higher level of organization than tissues and organs?

    <p>Tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the structural formula of a molecule indicate?

    <p>The arrangement of atoms within the molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range for plain water?

    <p>pH 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category of mixture has particles smaller than those in a suspension but larger than those in a solution?

    <p>Colloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents a 10-fold change in H+ concentration on the pH scale?

    <p>Moving from pH 6 to pH 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the number of particles in a solution?

    <p>Osmole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of buffers in the body?

    <p>To maintain pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond forms when two hydrogen atoms share a single pair of electrons?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when water and carbon dioxide combine?

    <p>Formation of carbonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for molecules with both polar and nonpolar regions?

    <p>Amphiphilic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

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