12 Questions
What type of bond forms when two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms?
Double bond
Which group of elements forms four single covalent bonds?
Group 14
What is the strength of a covalent bond dependent on?
Distance between the nuclei (bond length)
In which type of reaction does more energy get released during product bond formation than is required to break bonds in the reactants?
Exothermic reaction
What happens in a triple bond?
Three pairs of electrons are shared
Which type of orbital overlap results in the formation of a pi bond?
Overlapping parallel orbitals
What type of bond results from electron sharing between atoms in non-ionic compounds?
Covalent bond
Why do atoms bond together?
To gain stability
Which type of elements primarily form covalent bonds?
Nonmetallic elements
What is the result of sharing only one pair of electrons between atoms?
Single covalent bond
In a Lewis structure, what does a line or dots represent?
Single covalent bond
Why do diatomic molecules like H2 and O2 exist?
To acquire noble gas electron configuration
Study Notes
Halogens and Single Covalent Bonds
- Halogens (Group 17 elements) have 7 valence electrons and form single covalent bonds with non-metal atoms.
- Examples of single covalent bonds include hydrogen fluoride (HF) and chlorine (Cl2).
Group 16 and Single Bonds
- Atoms in Group 16 can share two electrons and form two covalent bonds, such as in water (H2O) with one oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
Group 15 and Single Bonds
- Atoms in Group 15 form three single covalent bonds, such as in ammonia (NH3).
Group 14 and Single Bonds
- Atoms of Group 14 elements form four single covalent bonds, such as in methane (CH4).
Lewis Structure of a Molecule
- A Lewis structure represents the arrangement of electrons in a molecule.
- Steps to draw a Lewis structure: write the Lewis Dot structures, erase one electron from each and draw a bond, count all lone electrons and bonds, and check for octet.
Sigma Bonds
- Single covalent bonds are also called sigma bonds.
- Sigma bonds occur when the pair of shared electrons is in an area centered between the two atoms.
Multiple Covalent Bonds
Double Bonds
- A double bond forms when two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.
Triple Bonds
- A triple bond forms when three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.
Pi Bonds
- A multiple covalent bond consists of one sigma bond and at least one pi bond.
- Pi bonds form when parallel orbitals overlap and share electrons.
The Strength of Covalent Bonds
Bond Length
- The strength of a covalent bond depends on the distance between the two nuclei (bond length).
- As bond length increases, strength decreases.
Bonds and Energy
- The amount of energy required to break a bond is called the bond dissociation energy.
- An endothermic reaction occurs when a greater amount of energy is required to break existing bonds than is released during product bond formation.
- An exothermic reaction occurs when more energy is released during product bond formation than is required to break bonds in the reactants.
Why Do Atoms Bond?
- Atoms bond to gain stability and achieve a lower energy state.
- Valence electron sharing allows atoms to acquire the stable electron configuration of noble gases.
Explore the concept of covalent bonding, why atoms bond, and how stability is achieved through gaining or losing electrons. Learn about ionic bonds, valence electrons, and noble gas electron configurations.
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