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Questions and Answers
Link buses link microprocessors to each other or a ______.
Link buses link microprocessors to each other or a ______.
bridge
Communication takes place through ______, the advantage here being the lack of cycles.
Communication takes place through ______, the advantage here being the lack of cycles.
packets
Connectors allow for the insertion of I/O interface cards in an expansion slot ______.
Connectors allow for the insertion of I/O interface cards in an expansion slot ______.
bus
Expansion buses enable a microprocessor board to have its own small I/O expansion board; it is a board-level ______.
Expansion buses enable a microprocessor board to have its own small I/O expansion board; it is a board-level ______.
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An I/O bus links one or more devices to one or several I/O ______.
An I/O bus links one or more devices to one or several I/O ______.
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A backplane bus enables communication between connected electronic cards; it is the printed circuit board version of the ribbon ______.
A backplane bus enables communication between connected electronic cards; it is the printed circuit board version of the ribbon ______.
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Parallel copper traces or serial traces link the slot connectors so that the daughterboards can be ______ in.
Parallel copper traces or serial traces link the slot connectors so that the daughterboards can be ______ in.
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The 'centerplane' bus version was developed to decrease the total length of the bus by minimizing the distances between ______.
The 'centerplane' bus version was developed to decrease the total length of the bus by minimizing the distances between ______.
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I/O buses can be specific for certain devices like mass storage units ATA, PATA, or ______ for Serial ATA.
I/O buses can be specific for certain devices like mass storage units ATA, PATA, or ______ for Serial ATA.
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Expansion slot buses allow for the insertion of I/O interface cards, also called expansion cards, hence the ______.
Expansion slot buses allow for the insertion of I/O interface cards, also called expansion cards, hence the ______.
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Study Notes
Bus Families
- Bus signals are classified into different families based on their function.
Address Transfer Bus
- Carries the address generated by a master to the slaves for selection.
Data Transfer Bus
- Transfers binary words in a smaller format than the bus.
- Typically takes on the n signals from the microprocessor D[n-1:0].
Control Bus
- Comprises access control signals (memory and I/O read and write).
- Includes an additional signal that marks the address type (memory or I/O).
Status Bus
- Reports on bus errors.
- Error signals can involve other masters and the memory system.
Access Arbitration Bus
- Manages access to the transfer buses.
- Comprises signals of request, grant, and state (locked or relaxed bus).
- Arbitration can also involve interruption and DMA transfer requests.
Synchronization Bus
- Carries the clock signals (e.g., constant clock and bus clock).
Utility Bus
- Generates the start and stop sequences.
- Can coexist with a specialized slow serial bus alongside the main bus.
Interfacing Logic
- Isolates and amplifies all signals.
- Can carry out voltage level shifting between different types of technology and logical families.
- Comprises drivers (line amplifiers) and receivers, which can be coupled together.
Hierarchical Buses
- A cluster of elements communicates through a locally segmented bus.
- Local buses are linked together by the global bus.
- The bus hierarchy is formed by combining these buses.
Multiple Buses
- Allow for concurrent communication to take place.
- The notion of hierarchy can also be applied to multiple buses.
Bridge
- Links two buses together.
- Must respect their electrical and temporal specifications.
- Can be as simple as a driver (signal amplifier), which isolates and amplifies the signals (buffering).
Classification of Digital System Buses
Local Bus
- Lowest level, found at the component level.
- Located on the Printed Circuit Board (PCB).
- Bus of the microprocessor, sole initiator of exchanges unless a DMA controller is present.
Memory Buses
- In systems of memories, a controller serves several ranks of memory devices connected via several channels or memory buses.
- Increasing the number of channels establishes interleaving access.
Link Buses
- Link microprocessors to each other or a bridge.
- Communication takes place through packets, without cycles.
Expansion Slot Bus
- Connectors allow for the insertion of I/O interface cards, also called expansion cards.
Expansion Buses
- Enable a microprocessor board to have its own small I/O expansion board.
- Board-level bus that supports interrupt and transfer requests, such as DMA.
I/O Buses
- Link one or more devices to one or several I/O controllers.
- Can depend on a group of devices (e.g., ATA, SATA, or SCSI).
Backplane and Centerplane Buses
- Backplane bus enables communication between connected electronic cards (backplane interface).
- Printed circuit board (motherboard) version of the ribbon cable.
- Centerplane bus version involves placing connectors throughout the printed circuit board to minimize distances.
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Description
Learn about the different types of bus signals in computer architecture, including the address transfer bus, data transfer bus, and control bus. Understand their functions and how they facilitate communication between the master and slaves in a system.
