Types of Attention: Exogenous vs Endogenous
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Questions and Answers

What type of attention is characterized by a bottom-up, stimulus-driven process?

  • Cocktail-party effect
  • Voluntary attention
  • Exogenous attention (correct)
  • Lunch-line effect

    • In the lunch-line effect, what does the perceptual system track in the environment?

  • Exogenous attention
  • Reflexive attention
  • Voluntary attention
  • Salient stimuli (correct)

    • Which model of attention determines what will undergo additional processing and be represented in awareness?

  • Lunch-line effect
  • Early selection (correct)
  • Voluntary attention
  • Late selection

    • What effect is described as the ability to focus voluntarily on what we choose to perceive and process?

    <p>Cocktail-party effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a sensory event captures our attention, it is an example of which type of attention process?

    <p>Exogenous attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of estimating the contribution of various frequencies to a measured EEG signal?

    <p>To quantify the different frequency components present in the EEG signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is absolute power preferred over relative power in EEG spectral analysis?

    <p>It allows for easier interpretation of the amount of a specific frequency within the EEG signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the length of the segment play in determining frequency resolution in Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis?

    <p>It limits the number of different frequencies that can be resolved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to use artifact-free EEG segments in spectral analysis?

    <p>To avoid distortions in the estimation of spectral features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In time-frequency analysis, what does Short-time Fourier Transform (STFT) help to compute?

    <p>The time-dependent spectrum, known as a spectrogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are EEG signals viewed in wavelet analyses?

    <p>As shifted and scaled versions of a mathematical function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assumption is made in the context of pure insertion?

    <p>Adding an extra component affects the operation of earlier components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a cognitive conjunction in experimental design?

    <p>To identify regions of activation shared across different subtractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the choice of baseline task considered crucial in experimental design?

    <p>To avoid interaction effects that could make data ambiguous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of neuroimaging experiments, what does comparing (A-B)-(C-D) aim to determine?

    <p>The effect of touch compared to self-movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a factorial design useful in neuroimaging experiments?

    <p>To isolate specific regions involved in different cognitive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should the baseline task ideally be as similar to the experimental task as possible?

    <p>To ensure a clear distinction between baseline and experimental task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the alpha band in EEG recordings?

    <p>Lower and upper alpha sub-bands have distinct functional roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the beta band is correct?

    <p>It replaces the alpha rhythm during cognitive activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the gamma band in EEG recordings?

    <p>It reflects large-scale integration and synchrony among widely distributed neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical amplitude and distribution of the beta band in EEG recordings?

    <p>Small amplitude (10-20 μV) with a symmetric fronto-central distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about alpha desynchronization is correct?

    <p>Upper alpha desynchronization is linked to processing sensory-semantic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about alpha blockage/desynchronization is correct?

    <p>It is greatly diminished by eye opening, sudden alerting, and mental concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the 'resting' measurements in the experiment?

    <p>To measure baseline brain activity without any task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the discussion, what cognitive process is associated with activation of the inferior parietal lobule during the syllable counting task?

    <p>Phonetic segmentation and short-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary approach used in the first-level analysis of the experiment?

    <p>Cognitive subtraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is specifically mentioned as being associated with attentional demand and mental imagery in the discussion?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the discussion, what cognitive process is associated with activation of posterior parietal areas?

    <p>Spatial transformation of visual stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, what can be inferred about the nature of the 'pre-processing' steps mentioned in the experiment?

    <p>They were time-consuming and 'ridiculous'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Conjunctions and Factorial Designs

    • Cognitive conjunction: identify a set of tasks that share a particular component
    • Look for regions of activation that are shared across different subtractions
    • Factorial design: baseline task still required
    • Example: A-B & C-D = isolate regions involved in tactile sensation; A-C & B-D = isolate regions involved in motor production
    • (A-B)-(C-D) = difference between A & B vs. difference between C & D = effect of touch greater in presence of self-movement?

    Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Bands

    • Alpha band:
      • Desynchronization/suppression associated with stimulus- and task-unspecific increases in attentional demands (lower alpha, 8-10Hz)
      • Associated with processing of sensory-semantic information, better semantic memory performance, and stimulus-specific expectancy (upper alpha, 10-12Hz)
    • Beta band:
      • High frequency, small amplitude (13-30Hz)
      • Replaces alpha rhythm during cognitive activity
      • Increased excitatory activity related to focused attention, diffuse arousal, and vigilance
    • Gamma band:
      • Directly associated with brain activation (36-44Hz)
      • Reflects large-scale integration and synchrony among widely distributed neurons
      • Associated with exogenous attention, top-down modulation of sensory processes, and the "cocktail-party effect"

    Attention and Selection Models

    • Early selection: stimulus can be discarded before perceptual analysis
    • Late selection: stimulus is fully processed before being selected or rejected
    • Reflexive attention: bottom-up, stimulus-driven process in which a sensory event captures attention
    • Voluntary attention: ability to intentionally attend to something

    EEG Analysis

    • Spectral/Frequency Analyses:
      • Based on the notion that any oscillatory activity can be characterized by the sum of different sinusoidal waves with distinct frequencies and amplitudes
      • Estimates the contribution of various frequencies to the measured EEG signal
      • Uses Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and assumes stationarity of the EEG signal
    • Time-Frequency Analysis:
      • Shows when in time frequency shifts occur
      • Uses Short-time Fourier Transform (STFT) or wavelet analyses

    Application of EEG in Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (SCAN)

    • Experiment 2:
      • Spatial imagery: same as in Experiment 1
      • Perception condition: saw actual clock faces
      • Syllable counting condition: count the syllables of auditorily presented pairs of times and report whether the total syllable number was odd or even
      • 72 measurements for each subject
      • Complicated pre-processing and first-level analysis

    Discussion

    • Reverse inference: mental state is inferred from brain activation
    • Activation of prefrontal cortex associated with attentional demand involved in different kinds of mental imagery and working memory
    • Activation of inferior parietal lobule associated with phonetic segmentation and short-term memory
    • Activation of posterior parietal areas associated with spatial transformation of visually presented stimuli and orientation discrimination of tactile stimuli

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    Description

    Learn about different types of attention including exogenous attention and endogenous attention. Explore how exogenous attention is reflexive and stimulus-driven, while endogenous attention is voluntary and intentional.

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