Types of Adverse Drug Reactions

12 Questions

What type of adverse drug reaction is characterized by occurrence years after treatment and can be teratogenic?

Delayed

Which category of adverse drug reaction grading is described as potentially life-threatening with permanent damage and prolonged hospitalization?

Severe

An unusual response to a drug due to genetic abnormality is known as:

Idiosyncrasy

What type of adverse drug reaction is characterized by being predictable and common, like diarrhea due to antibiotics?

Augmented

Which type of adverse drug reaction is dose-independent, has high mortality, and is exemplified by hypersensitivity to Penicillin?

Bizarre

What is the term used to describe the unwanted but often unavoidable pharmacodynamic effects of a drug at therapeutic doses?

Side Effects

Which category includes drugs like Magnesium Sulfate and thyroxine with no risk of teratogenecity?

Category b) No evidence of risk in humans

What is tachyphylaxis related to?

Tyramine depletion of Norepinephrine

Which drug is known to cause premature closure of ductus arteriosus?

Valproate

What type of reaction is a drug allergy?

Acquired reaction

Which category includes drugs where the benefits outweigh potential risks, like Aspirin and phenytoin?

Category e) Contraindicated

What effect can tyramine have on Norepinephrine levels leading to tachyphylaxis?

Depletion of all Norepinephrine

Study Notes

Adverse Drug Reaction Types

Augmented reactions: predictable, common, dose-dependent, and low mortality (e.g., diarrhea due to antibiotics)
Bizarre reactions: unpredictable, dose-independent, high mortality, and allergic/hypersensitivity (e.g., hypersensitivity to Penicillin)
Chronic reactions: occur due to prolonged use of a drug (e.g., Cushing Syndrome due to exogenous glucorticoids)
Delayed reactions: occur years after treatment, can be teratogenic or accumulation (e.g., use of cigarettes)
End of use reactions: occur on withdrawal, especially when a drug is stopped abruptly (e.g., precipitation of MI by Beta Blocker withdrawal)
Failure of efficacy: due to drug interactions, underdosing (e.g., OCP failure)

Adverse Drug Reaction Grading

Mild: no need for Rx, antidote, or hospitalization
Moderate: requires drug change, specific treatment
Severe: potentially life-threatening, permanent damage, and prolonged hospitalization
Lethal: leading to death

Categories of Adverse Drug Reactions

Side effects: unwanted but often unavoidable pharmacodynamic effects at therapeutic doses (e.g., dry mouth, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and sedation)
Secondary effects: indirect consequences of the primary action of a drug (e.g., corticosteroids causing activation of latent Tb)
Toxic effects: excessive pharmacological action due to overdosage or prolonged use (e.g., morphine causing respiratory failure, barbiturates causing coma)
Intolerance: appearance of characteristic toxic effects at therapeutic doses (e.g., carbamazepine causing ataxia)
Idiosyncrasy: unusual response to a drug due to genetic abnormality (e.g., drug interaction with unique features of the individual)
Photosensitivity: ultraviolet rays exposure causing eczema upon use of sulphonylureas and griseofulvin
Teratogenecity: risk of causing birth defects (e.g., phenytoin causing cleft palate, valproate causing spina bifida, aspirin causing premature closure of ductus arteriosus)
Drug allergy: acquired reaction of the body to a drug, immunologically mediated, occurring even with smaller doses, occurring in some individuals, occurring on reexposure (e.g., skin and respiratory tract)
Tachyphylaxis: diminished responsiveness rapidly after administration of a drug (e.g., tyramine causing depletion of norepinephrine)
Drug dependence: increased dose required for the same effect of euphoria
Mutagenicity and carcinogenecity: capacity of a drug to cause genetic defects and cancer, respectively (e.g., estrogen causing endometrial cancer, OCPs causing cervix and breast cancer)