Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of adverse drug reaction is characterized by occurrence years after treatment and can be teratogenic?
What type of adverse drug reaction is characterized by occurrence years after treatment and can be teratogenic?
Which category of adverse drug reaction grading is described as potentially life-threatening with permanent damage and prolonged hospitalization?
Which category of adverse drug reaction grading is described as potentially life-threatening with permanent damage and prolonged hospitalization?
An unusual response to a drug due to genetic abnormality is known as:
An unusual response to a drug due to genetic abnormality is known as:
What type of adverse drug reaction is characterized by being predictable and common, like diarrhea due to antibiotics?
What type of adverse drug reaction is characterized by being predictable and common, like diarrhea due to antibiotics?
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Which type of adverse drug reaction is dose-independent, has high mortality, and is exemplified by hypersensitivity to Penicillin?
Which type of adverse drug reaction is dose-independent, has high mortality, and is exemplified by hypersensitivity to Penicillin?
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What is the term used to describe the unwanted but often unavoidable pharmacodynamic effects of a drug at therapeutic doses?
What is the term used to describe the unwanted but often unavoidable pharmacodynamic effects of a drug at therapeutic doses?
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Which category includes drugs like Magnesium Sulfate and thyroxine with no risk of teratogenecity?
Which category includes drugs like Magnesium Sulfate and thyroxine with no risk of teratogenecity?
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What is tachyphylaxis related to?
What is tachyphylaxis related to?
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Which drug is known to cause premature closure of ductus arteriosus?
Which drug is known to cause premature closure of ductus arteriosus?
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What type of reaction is a drug allergy?
What type of reaction is a drug allergy?
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Which category includes drugs where the benefits outweigh potential risks, like Aspirin and phenytoin?
Which category includes drugs where the benefits outweigh potential risks, like Aspirin and phenytoin?
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What effect can tyramine have on Norepinephrine levels leading to tachyphylaxis?
What effect can tyramine have on Norepinephrine levels leading to tachyphylaxis?
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Study Notes
Adverse Drug Reaction Types
- Augmented reactions: predictable, common, dose-dependent, and low mortality (e.g., diarrhea due to antibiotics)
- Bizarre reactions: unpredictable, dose-independent, high mortality, and allergic/hypersensitivity (e.g., hypersensitivity to Penicillin)
- Chronic reactions: occur due to prolonged use of a drug (e.g., Cushing Syndrome due to exogenous glucorticoids)
- Delayed reactions: occur years after treatment, can be teratogenic or accumulation (e.g., use of cigarettes)
- End of use reactions: occur on withdrawal, especially when a drug is stopped abruptly (e.g., precipitation of MI by Beta Blocker withdrawal)
- Failure of efficacy: due to drug interactions, underdosing (e.g., OCP failure)
Adverse Drug Reaction Grading
- Mild: no need for Rx, antidote, or hospitalization
- Moderate: requires drug change, specific treatment
- Severe: potentially life-threatening, permanent damage, and prolonged hospitalization
- Lethal: leading to death
Categories of Adverse Drug Reactions
- Side effects: unwanted but often unavoidable pharmacodynamic effects at therapeutic doses (e.g., dry mouth, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and sedation)
- Secondary effects: indirect consequences of the primary action of a drug (e.g., corticosteroids causing activation of latent Tb)
- Toxic effects: excessive pharmacological action due to overdosage or prolonged use (e.g., morphine causing respiratory failure, barbiturates causing coma)
- Intolerance: appearance of characteristic toxic effects at therapeutic doses (e.g., carbamazepine causing ataxia)
- Idiosyncrasy: unusual response to a drug due to genetic abnormality (e.g., drug interaction with unique features of the individual)
- Photosensitivity: ultraviolet rays exposure causing eczema upon use of sulphonylureas and griseofulvin
- Teratogenecity: risk of causing birth defects (e.g., phenytoin causing cleft palate, valproate causing spina bifida, aspirin causing premature closure of ductus arteriosus)
- Drug allergy: acquired reaction of the body to a drug, immunologically mediated, occurring even with smaller doses, occurring in some individuals, occurring on reexposure (e.g., skin and respiratory tract)
- Tachyphylaxis: diminished responsiveness rapidly after administration of a drug (e.g., tyramine causing depletion of norepinephrine)
- Drug dependence: increased dose required for the same effect of euphoria
- Mutagenicity and carcinogenecity: capacity of a drug to cause genetic defects and cancer, respectively (e.g., estrogen causing endometrial cancer, OCPs causing cervix and breast cancer)
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Description
Explore different types of adverse drug reactions including augmented, bizarre, chronic, delayed, end of use, and failure of efficacy. Learn about dose-dependent, dose-independent, allergic/hypersensitivity, and chronic reactions due to prolonged use of drugs.
