Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are long bones?
What are long bones?
- Bones that are longer than they are wide (correct)
- Thin and flat bones
- Bones with complicated shapes
- Cube-shaped bones
What type of bones are cube-shaped?
What type of bones are cube-shaped?
Short bones
What are flat bones?
What are flat bones?
Thin, flat, and curved bones that form the ribs, breastbone, and skull.
What are irregular bones?
What are irregular bones?
What is compact bone?
What is compact bone?
What is spongy bone?
What is spongy bone?
What is the diaphysis?
What is the diaphysis?
What is the epiphysis?
What is the epiphysis?
What is the epiphyseal plate?
What is the epiphyseal plate?
What is the epiphyseal line?
What is the epiphyseal line?
What is bone marrow?
What is bone marrow?
What is yellow bone marrow?
What is yellow bone marrow?
Where is yellow bone marrow found?
Where is yellow bone marrow found?
What does red marrow produce?
What does red marrow produce?
Where is red marrow mostly found?
Where is red marrow mostly found?
What is hematopoiesis?
What is hematopoiesis?
Where does hematopoiesis mainly occur, in flat or long bones?
Where does hematopoiesis mainly occur, in flat or long bones?
Can hematopoiesis occur in long bones?
Can hematopoiesis occur in long bones?
What are osteoblasts?
What are osteoblasts?
What is the role of osteoblasts?
What is the role of osteoblasts?
Which cells clean up old bone?
Which cells clean up old bone?
What is the organic matrix of bone?
What is the organic matrix of bone?
What is osteoid made of?
What is osteoid made of?
What are the inorganic components of bone?
What are the inorganic components of bone?
Where do longer bones grow?
Where do longer bones grow?
Where does growth of a long bone occur during puberty?
Where does growth of a long bone occur during puberty?
What is the epiphyseal plate?
What is the epiphyseal plate?
What is the epiphyseal line?
What is the epiphyseal line?
What is resorption?
What is resorption?
What is deposition?
What is deposition?
What role do bones play in calcium storage?
What role do bones play in calcium storage?
How do we control calcium levels in our bodies?
How do we control calcium levels in our bodies?
What is low blood calcium called?
What is low blood calcium called?
What is high blood calcium called?
What is high blood calcium called?
What are the dangers of low blood calcium?
What are the dangers of low blood calcium?
What are the dangers of high blood calcium?
What are the dangers of high blood calcium?
What effect does parathyroid hormone have on calcium levels?
What effect does parathyroid hormone have on calcium levels?
What is the master control hormone for all of calcium homeostasis?
What is the master control hormone for all of calcium homeostasis?
When is parathyroid hormone released?
When is parathyroid hormone released?
What effect does parathyroid hormone have on the kidney?
What effect does parathyroid hormone have on the kidney?
Does parathyroid hormone cause bone deposition or bone resorption?
Does parathyroid hormone cause bone deposition or bone resorption?
Does parathyroid hormone raise or lower blood calcium concentrations?
Does parathyroid hormone raise or lower blood calcium concentrations?
Which cells does parathyroid hormone stimulate more?
Which cells does parathyroid hormone stimulate more?
Does parathyroid hormone stimulate vitamin D formation directly?
Does parathyroid hormone stimulate vitamin D formation directly?
What is the action of calcitonin?
What is the action of calcitonin?
What effect do stress lines have on bone density?
What effect do stress lines have on bone density?
In elderly people, do they typically do more bone resorption or deposition?
In elderly people, do they typically do more bone resorption or deposition?
What is osteoporosis?
What is osteoporosis?
What happens to bones during osteoporosis?
What happens to bones during osteoporosis?
Which cells are more active in osteoporosis, osteoblasts or osteoclasts?
Which cells are more active in osteoporosis, osteoblasts or osteoclasts?
Study Notes
Types of Bones
- Long Bones: Longer than they are wide; examples include limb bones.
- Short Bones: Cube-shaped, found in the wrist and ankle.
- Flat Bones: Thin, flat, and curved; comprise the ribs, breastbone, and skull.
- Irregular Bones: Have complex shapes; located in the vertebrae and hip bones.
Bone Composition
- Compact Bone: Hard and dense tissue beneath the outer membrane of a bone.
- Spongy Bone: Made up of small, needle-like bone pieces with open spaces for lighter weight.
- Bone Marrow: Soft tissue inside bones; produces blood cells.
- Yellow Bone Marrow: Contains adipose tissue; serves as an energy source via triglycerides.
- Red Marrow: Produces red blood cells, platelets, and some white blood cells; found in flat bones like the skull and ribs.
Growth and Structure of Bones
- Diaphysis: Tubular shaft forming the long axis, surrounded by compact bone and filled with yellow marrow.
- Epiphysis: Ends of long bones; contain compact bone externally and spongy bone internally.
- Epiphyseal Plate: Layer of cartilage located between epiphysis and metaphysis; site of bone growth.
- Epiphyseal Line: Remnant of the epiphyseal plate found in adult bones, indicating previous growth.
Bone Cell Functions
- Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid, made of collagen and proteins.
- Osteoclasts: Cells that dissolve and reabsorb old bone tissue.
- Hematopoiesis: Process of blood cell production, mainly occurs in flat bones.
Bone Composition Details
- Organic Matrix: Comprises cells and osteoid, primarily collagen fibers, ground substance, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans.
- Inorganic Components: Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts); make up 65% of bone mass, providing hardness.
Bone Growth
- Long Bone Growth: Continues at the epiphyseal plate until adolescence; adults exhibit epiphyseal lines from previous growth plates.
- Resorption: Process of breaking down old bone; collagen and minerals are released into the extracellular fluid.
- Deposition: Formation of new bone by osteoblasts replacing resorbed bone.
Calcium Homeostasis
- Bone Reservoir: Bones act as a storage tank for calcium, helping regulate blood calcium levels.
- Hypocalcemia: Condition of low blood calcium, leading to nervous system excitability.
- Hypercalcemia: Condition of high blood calcium, leading to muscle weakness and potential cardiac arrest.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
- PTH Function: Maintains calcium balance in blood and tissues.
- Release Conditions: Secreted when blood calcium levels are low; stimulates calcium reabsorption in kidneys and osteoclast activity for bone resorption.
- Calcitonin: Hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity, reducing bloodstream calcium levels.
Aging and Bone Health
- Bone Density: Aging typically leads to increased bone resorption and decreased deposition, promoting osteoporosis.
- Osteoporosis: Condition where bone resorption surpasses deposition, causing weakened and brittle bones, leading to fractures.
Additional Effects
- Stress Lines: Increase bone resorption, resulting in decreased bone density.
- Common Fractures: Elderly individuals often experience vertebral and hip fractures due to increased osteoclast activity.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers the various types of bones, including long, short, flat, and irregular bones, as well as their composition such as compact and spongy bone. Additionally, it delves into the growth and structure of bones, highlighting key components like diaphysis and epiphysis. Test your knowledge on these fundamental aspects of human anatomy.
