Types and Structure of Bones
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Questions and Answers

What are long bones?

  • Bones that are longer than they are wide (correct)
  • Thin and flat bones
  • Bones with complicated shapes
  • Cube-shaped bones

    • What type of bones are cube-shaped?

    Short bones

    What are flat bones?

    Thin, flat, and curved bones that form the ribs, breastbone, and skull.

    What are irregular bones?

    <p>Bones with complicated shapes, such as vertebrae and hip bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is compact bone?

    <p>Hard, dense bone tissue beneath the outer membrane of bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spongy bone?

    <p>Bone composed of small needle-like pieces and lots of open space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diaphysis?

    <p>The tubular shaft that forms the long axis of a bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epiphysis?

    <p>The ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epiphyseal plate?

    <p>A thin layer of cartilage between the epiphysis and metaphysis where growth of long bones occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epiphyseal line?

    <p>The remnant of the childhood epiphyseal plate where bone growth occurred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bone marrow?

    <p>A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is yellow bone marrow?

    <p>Adipose tissue that serves as a source of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is yellow bone marrow found?

    <p>In long bones of adults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does red marrow produce?

    <p>Red blood cells, platelets, and some white blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is red marrow mostly found?

    <p>In flat bones such as the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of femur and humerus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hematopoiesis?

    <p>The production of blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis mainly occur, in flat or long bones?

    <p>It mainly occurs in flat bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can hematopoiesis occur in long bones?

    <p>Yes, in long bones such as the femur and tibia, especially in children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are osteoblasts?

    <p>Bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of osteoblasts?

    <p>Helps build new bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells clean up old bone?

    <p>Osteoclasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organic matrix of bone?

    <p>Includes cells and osteoid, which is made up of collagen fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is osteoid made of?

    <p>Collagen fibers and ground substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the inorganic components of bone?

    <p>Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts) that make up 65% of bone by mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do longer bones grow?

    <p>At the epiphyseal plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does growth of a long bone occur during puberty?

    <p>At the growth plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epiphyseal plate?

    <p>Growth plate made of cartilage, used for producing bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epiphyseal line?

    <p>Remnant of the epiphyseal plate seen in adult bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is resorption?

    <p>The process of removing or digesting old bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is deposition?

    <p>When osteoblasts lay down new bone until the resorbed bone is replaced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do bones play in calcium storage?

    <p>They serve as a reservoir or storage tank for calcium in our bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do we control calcium levels in our bodies?

    <p>By urinating out excess calcium or resorbing bone when calcium levels are low.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is low blood calcium called?

    <p>Hypocalcemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is high blood calcium called?

    <p>Hypercalcemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the dangers of low blood calcium?

    <p>Laryngospasm and suffocation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the dangers of high blood calcium?

    <p>Muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, and cardiac arrest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does parathyroid hormone have on calcium levels?

    <p>Helps maintain the right balance of calcium in the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the master control hormone for all of calcium homeostasis?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is parathyroid hormone released?

    <p>When blood calcium levels are low.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does parathyroid hormone have on the kidney?

    <p>Stimulates calcium reabsorption in the distal tubule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does parathyroid hormone cause bone deposition or bone resorption?

    <p>It causes bone resorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does parathyroid hormone raise or lower blood calcium concentrations?

    <p>Raises blood calcium concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells does parathyroid hormone stimulate more?

    <p>Osteoclasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does parathyroid hormone stimulate vitamin D formation directly?

    <p>Yes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of calcitonin?

    <p>Blocks the activity of osteoclasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do stress lines have on bone density?

    <p>They make bones less dense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In elderly people, do they typically do more bone resorption or deposition?

    <p>More resorption and less deposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is osteoporosis?

    <p>A group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bones during osteoporosis?

    <p>Bones become weak and brittle, causing them to break.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are more active in osteoporosis, osteoblasts or osteoclasts?

    <p>Osteoclasts are more active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Types of Bones

    • Long Bones: Longer than they are wide; examples include limb bones.
    • Short Bones: Cube-shaped, found in the wrist and ankle.
    • Flat Bones: Thin, flat, and curved; comprise the ribs, breastbone, and skull.
    • Irregular Bones: Have complex shapes; located in the vertebrae and hip bones.

    Bone Composition

    • Compact Bone: Hard and dense tissue beneath the outer membrane of a bone.
    • Spongy Bone: Made up of small, needle-like bone pieces with open spaces for lighter weight.
    • Bone Marrow: Soft tissue inside bones; produces blood cells.
    • Yellow Bone Marrow: Contains adipose tissue; serves as an energy source via triglycerides.
    • Red Marrow: Produces red blood cells, platelets, and some white blood cells; found in flat bones like the skull and ribs.

    Growth and Structure of Bones

    • Diaphysis: Tubular shaft forming the long axis, surrounded by compact bone and filled with yellow marrow.
    • Epiphysis: Ends of long bones; contain compact bone externally and spongy bone internally.
    • Epiphyseal Plate: Layer of cartilage located between epiphysis and metaphysis; site of bone growth.
    • Epiphyseal Line: Remnant of the epiphyseal plate found in adult bones, indicating previous growth.

    Bone Cell Functions

    • Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid, made of collagen and proteins.
    • Osteoclasts: Cells that dissolve and reabsorb old bone tissue.
    • Hematopoiesis: Process of blood cell production, mainly occurs in flat bones.

    Bone Composition Details

    • Organic Matrix: Comprises cells and osteoid, primarily collagen fibers, ground substance, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans.
    • Inorganic Components: Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts); make up 65% of bone mass, providing hardness.

    Bone Growth

    • Long Bone Growth: Continues at the epiphyseal plate until adolescence; adults exhibit epiphyseal lines from previous growth plates.
    • Resorption: Process of breaking down old bone; collagen and minerals are released into the extracellular fluid.
    • Deposition: Formation of new bone by osteoblasts replacing resorbed bone.

    Calcium Homeostasis

    • Bone Reservoir: Bones act as a storage tank for calcium, helping regulate blood calcium levels.
    • Hypocalcemia: Condition of low blood calcium, leading to nervous system excitability.
    • Hypercalcemia: Condition of high blood calcium, leading to muscle weakness and potential cardiac arrest.

    Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

    • PTH Function: Maintains calcium balance in blood and tissues.
    • Release Conditions: Secreted when blood calcium levels are low; stimulates calcium reabsorption in kidneys and osteoclast activity for bone resorption.
    • Calcitonin: Hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity, reducing bloodstream calcium levels.

    Aging and Bone Health

    • Bone Density: Aging typically leads to increased bone resorption and decreased deposition, promoting osteoporosis.
    • Osteoporosis: Condition where bone resorption surpasses deposition, causing weakened and brittle bones, leading to fractures.

    Additional Effects

    • Stress Lines: Increase bone resorption, resulting in decreased bone density.
    • Common Fractures: Elderly individuals often experience vertebral and hip fractures due to increased osteoclast activity.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the various types of bones, including long, short, flat, and irregular bones, as well as their composition such as compact and spongy bone. Additionally, it delves into the growth and structure of bones, highlighting key components like diaphysis and epiphysis. Test your knowledge on these fundamental aspects of human anatomy.

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