Bone Structure and Types

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of osteoblasts?

They regulate calcium levels in the blood.

They synthesize and mineralize the bone matrix. (correct)

They signal the body to produce more red blood cells.

They maintain bone density.

What triggers the multiplication of osteogenic cells into osteoblasts?

Mechanical stress applied to the bone. (correct)

Increased blood flow to the bone.

The presence of vitamin D in the diet.

The intake of calcium supplements.

Where do osteocytes reside within the bone structure?

In lacunae. (correct)

In the central canal of osteons.

Along the endosteum surface.

Inside the periosteum layer.

What is the role of canaliculi in bone tissue?

To connect lacunae and facilitate communication. Signup and view all the answers

How do osteocytes function in relation to mechanical stress?

They produce signals that regulate bone health. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of bone is composed of organic matter?

33% Signup and view all the answers

Which component allows bones to support body weight without sagging?

Calcium salts Signup and view all the answers

What is the main inorganic component of bone?

Calcium phosphate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the polymer portion of bone?

Contains collagen Signup and view all the answers

How is organic matter in bone primarily synthesized?

By osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

What role does collagen play in bone structure?

Gives bone some flexibility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components are considered part of the ceramic portion of bone?

Calcium and phosphate salts Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall structure of bone classified as?

A composite material Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the epiphyseal plate in children’s bones?

To allow for growth in length Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for the entry of blood vessels into the bone?

Nutrient foramina Signup and view all the answers

What is found at the inner edge of a bone surrounding the marrow canal?

Endosteum Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the bone is primarily associated with muscle attachment and protection?

Periosteum Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage covers the joint surface for easier movement?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are primarily located within the osteogenic layer of the periosteum?

Osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

What marks the transition from growth in length to the end of bone growth in adults?

Epiphyseal line Signup and view all the answers

Which structure actively participates in bone remodeling by dissolving osseous tissue?

Endosteum Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of the skeletal system?

Protection of internal organs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of mineralization in bone development?

Hardened formation of matrix by calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate Signup and view all the answers

What tissue types are found within an individual bone?

Multiple tissue types including adipose, nervous, and connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which component of long bone is important for providing leverage?

Shaft (diaphysis) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of red bone marrow?

Production of blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes compact bone from spongy bone?

Compact bone is dense while spongy bone is loosely organized Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the skeletal system?

Hormone production Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a long bone helps protect the ends of the bone and facilitates joint movement?

Articular cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is secreted by osteocytes and osteoblasts?

Osteocalcin Signup and view all the answers

How does osteocalcin affect insulin secretion?

It increases insulin secretion by the pancreas. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects does insulin have on adipose tissue?

Stimulates fatty acid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that insulin lowers plasma fatty acid levels?

It promotes triglyceride uptake. Signup and view all the answers

How does osteocalcin influence male fertility?

It enhances male fertility. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological states can lead to increased levels of osteocalcin?

Physical activity and weight loss. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding osteocalcin-deficient mice?

They suffer from increased anxiety and decreased memory. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of glucose metabolism is promoted by osteocalcin?

Energy utilization Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bone Structure and Composition

Bone is a composed of 33% organic matter and 66% inorganic matter
The organic matter is synthesized by osteoblasts and made up of collagen, carbohydrate–protein complexes, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
The inorganic matter is predominantly calcium and phosphate salts which form the ceramic portion of bone and contribute to its strength and ability to support weight
The collagen component of bone provides flexibility
The combination of ceramic and polymer components gives bone its unique structural properties

Types of Bone Tissue

Compact bone forms the dense outer shell of bone
Spongy or cancellous bone is loosely organized and has a lattice-like structure
Bone marrow is found in the medullary cavity of long bones

General Features of Long Bones

Long bones have a diaphysis (shaft) and epiphyses (ends)
The epiphyseal plate is made of hyaline cartilage and allows for longitudinal bone growth in children
Articular cartilage is smooth hyaline cartilage that covers joint surfaces, facilitating movement
Nutrient foramina are tiny holes in the bone surface that allow blood vessels to penetrate
Periosteum is the outer sheath of bone that contains fibrous collagen and osteogenic cells which are important for growth and healing
Endosteum lines the marrow cavity and houses cells that dissolve and deposit osseous tissue

Bone Cells

Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells responsible for osteogenesis
Osteocytes are mature osteoblasts that become trapped in the matrix they deposited
Osteoclasts are responsible for the resorption or breakdown of bone tissue

Osteocalcin

Osteocalcin is a hormone secreted by osteoblasts and osteocytes
Osteocalcin has various physiological effects including stimulation of insulin secretion by the pancreas, promotion of male fertility, promotion of glucose metabolism and energy utilization, and inhibition of parasympathetic innervation during stressful situations
Research has shown that osteocalcin-deficient mice exhibit increased anxiety, decreased memory, and a more passive behavior

Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System

Support: Bones provide structural support for the body, including limbs and vertebrae, and support for teeth and viscera
Protection: Bones protect vital organs such as the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs
Movement: Bones enable movement through muscle attachments and joint articulation
Electrolyte Balance: Bones regulate blood calcium and phosphate levels
Acid-Base Balance: Bones play a role in buffering blood pH changes
Blood Formation: Red bone marrow, found in the medullary cavity, is the primary site of blood cell production

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Description

Explore the fundamental aspects of bone structure and composition, including organic and inorganic components. Understand the differences between compact and spongy bone tissue, and learn about the general features of long bones, including their growth patterns. This quiz is essential for students studying biology or anatomy.