Types and Functions of RNA

RNA exists in various types with specific roles. Examples include messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

The process of creating RNA from a DNA template. It's a fundamental step in protein synthesis.

A DNA segment that encodes a polypeptide chain or functional RNA.

RNA molecules not directly used to make proteins.

RNA polymerase moves along the template DNA strand in a 3' to 5' direction; RNA is synthesized 5' to 3'.

An enzyme that removes pyrophosphate, a byproduct of RNA synthesis.

The region of DNA unwound during transcription, a crucial step in the process.

Terms used to describe the directionality of DNA sequences relative to the transcription start site.

The beginning of transcription, where RNA polymerase binds to the DNA and begins to synthesize RNA.

The stable structure formed by RNA polymerase, template DNA, and nascent RNA.

A process that protects the 5' end of mRNA from degradation, aids in mRNA transport, and facilitates translation initiation.

Non-coding regions of mRNA located at the 5' and 3' ends, influencing mRNA translation and stability.

The process where different combinations of exons are joined together during mRNA processing, creating different mRNA isoforms from the same gene.

An adhesive extracellular protein that binds other proteins, facilitating cell-cell adhesion and cellular interactions with matrix.

Nuclear complexes containing hnRNA and proteins, involved in pre-mRNA processing and regulation.

The process by which the genetic information in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins.

The 3' untranslated region of mRNA influencing the localization of mRNA to specific regions within the cytoplasm, affecting protein expression.

An enzyme that synthesizes RNA molecules from a DNA template.

The process of making an RNA copy of a DNA sequence.

The stage of transcription where RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing RNA chain.

DNA sequences that signal the end of transcription.

Three different enzymes that transcribe different types of RNA in eukaryotic cells.

An essential region in RNA polymerase II, crucial for processing and regulation.

The complete DNA sequence required for making a functional gene product (protein or RNA).

The addition of a special chemical structure (the cap) to the 5' end of a nascent RNA molecule.

The process of cutting and adding a tail (poly-A tail) to the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule.

The process of removing non-coding regions (introns) from pre-mRNA and joining coding regions (exons).

Proteins that interact with RNA sequences involved in splicing or cleavage/polyadenylation, contributing to the structure recognized by RNA-processing factors. They also help export mRNA from the nucleus.

The process of removing introns and joining exons in a pre-mRNA molecule to create a mature mRNA molecule.

A large ribonucleoprotein complex composed of snRNPs and other proteins that carries out RNA splicing.

The part of a gene that codes for a protein or part of a protein.

Non-coding regions of a gene that are removed during RNA splicing.

Splicing happens at the same time as transcription for long transcripts. For shorter transcripts, it follows cleavage and polyadenylation.

Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins that are part of the spliceosome and are essential for splicing.

A DNA sequence that serves as a critical promoter element for transcription start sites in eukaryotes, usually about 25-30 base pairs upstream from the transcription start site.

Sequences that act as alternative or supplementary promotion elements for transcription, often found near the transcription start site.

DNA regions rich in CpG dinucleotides, often found in eukaryotic promoters and associated with genes that are not required in large amounts.

Alternative DNA sites near genes; high in CG content, often nucleosome-free.

RNA synthesis from a promoter producing antisense RNA; short, unstable.

Proteins needed for most RNA Polymerase II transcription.

General transcription factor with TBP and TAFs; positions RNA Polymerase II.

First protein to bind to the TATA box.

General transcription factors along with RNA Polymerase II bound to a promoter

Enzyme that synthesizes mRNA in eukaryotic cells.

A protein that binds close to TBP and upstream of TATA box in the pre-initiation complex.

A protein involved in binding to the pre-initiation complex and positioning RNA polymerase II at transcription initiation.

A protein that bind to the RNA Polymerase II.

A protein that binds to the pre-initiation complex and creates a site for TFIIH.

A protein that helps in forming open complex; uses ATP to melt DNA; phosphorylates Pol II.

Process of creating 18S rRNA from DNA template.

Production of actin mRNA from DNA.

Structure that connects sister chromatids during cell division.

Enzyme that transcribes rRNA genes.

Enzyme that transcribes protein-coding genes.

Enzyme that transcribes tRNA and other small RNA genes.

Temperature at which half the DNA strands separate.

Percentage of guanine and cytosine bases in a DNA molecule.

Amount of ions in DNA solution affecting Tm.

Chemicals like urea and formamide weakening DNA bonds.

Connected by a peptide bond.

Connected by hydrogen bonds in DNA.

Connected by a glycosidic bond.

DNA and RNA, connected by phosphodiester bonds.

The point where DNA is unwound during replication.