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Biology Chapter 13: From DNA to Protein
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Biology Chapter 13: From DNA to Protein

Created by
@TenaciousFeynman9892

Questions and Answers

How many different types of RNA molecules are in a cell and how many make a protein?

3; 3

List the different types of RNA.

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

What substance is found in RNA but not in DNA?

ribose

What are the base pairs in RNA?

<p>adenine-uracil and guanine-cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between RNA and the DNA template?

<p>RNA polymerase briefly winds with the DNA template to join nucleotides (they are complementary)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many different types of amino acids make proteins?

<p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are how many different mRNA codons?

<p>64</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many units make a ribosome?

<p>two; one large and one small</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contains anticodons?

<p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contains codons?

<p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Base pairing rules are somewhat 'loose' for which base of a codon?

<p>the third ('wobble')</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does translation begin?

<p>when an initiation complex forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are peptide bonds?

<p>covalent bonds that add amino acids and hold them to the polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'start codon' for most proteins?

<p>AUG--&gt; methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a stop codon?

<p>a mRNA that has no anticodon base-pairing with it, so there are no amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are all mutations harmful?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation causes sickle cell anemia?

<p>a base-pair substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of mutations?

<p>base-pair substitution, insertion, deletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

One or more pairs are inserted into DNA.

<p>insertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

One or more pairs are deleted from DNA.

<p>deletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

A wrong nucleotide is paired with an exposed base on a template strand and slips by proofreading and repair enzymes.

<p>base-pair substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Double-stranded ______ and single-stranded _____ are related.

<p>DNA; mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are purines?

<p>Adenine and Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pyrimidines?

<p>Cytosine and Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Codons from ______ pair with ______ from tRNA.

<p>mRNA; anticodons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is mitochondrial DNA identical to DNA of living organisms?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nucleotide made of?

<p>sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is there more than one type of DNA?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps of translation?

<p>initiation, elongation, termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Know how to find an amino acid coded by mRNA using a chart of amino acids.

<p>pg. 200</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template?

<p>transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the only kind of RNA that carries protein-building codes?

<p>messenger RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What delivers amino acids one by one to ribosomes?

<p>transfer RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrogenous base that pairs with thymine during DNA replication and then uracil in RNA?

<p>adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in RNA?

<p>uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in DNA?

<p>thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrogen base that pairs with cytosine in DNA?

<p>guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrogen base that pairs with guanine in DNA?

<p>cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme catalyzes transcription of DNA into RNA?

<p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nucleotide sequence in DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription?

<p>promoter</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nucleotide sequences are removed from a new RNA?

<p>introns</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sequences stay in the RNA?

<p>exons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept where one gene can code for more than one protein?

<p>alternative splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What becomes part of ribosomes and aids in the formation of peptide bonds?

<p>ribosomal RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What single-stranded nucleic acid contains the sugar ribose?

<p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins?

<p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes up proteins?

<p>polypeptide chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a tail of 50-300 adenines gets added to the 3' end of each new mRNA?

<p>poly-A tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is each base triplet in mRNA that specifies different amino acids?

<p>codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What set of 64 mRNA codons specifies an amino acid or stop signal in translation?

<p>genetic code</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a triplet of nucleotides that base-pairs with a complementary mRNA codon?

<p>anticodon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process converts genetic information encoded in an mRNA transcript into a new polypeptide chain?

<p>translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage in translation?

<p>initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an initiator tRNA, an intact ribosome, and an mRNA clustered together called?

<p>initiation complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens as the mRNA threads between the two ribosomal subunits during translation?

<p>elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the mRNA stop codon enters the ribosome?

<p>termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cells that are quickly using or secreting proteins, there are often clusters of ribosomes called __________.

<p>polysomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are permanent, small-scale changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA called?

<p>mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What segments of DNA can insert themselves anywhere in a chromosome?

<p>transposable elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can knock electrons right out of atoms and break chromosomes apart into pieces?

<p>ionizing radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can boost electrons to a higher energy level but not enough to knock them out of the atom?

<p>non ionizing radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of RNA

  • Three types of RNA molecules in a cell: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
  • mRNA (messenger RNA) carries protein-building codes.
  • tRNA (transfer RNA) delivers amino acids to ribosomes.
  • rRNA (ribosomal RNA) forms part of the ribosome.

Structure and Function

  • RNA contains ribose sugar, while DNA contains deoxyribose.
  • RNA base pairs: adenine pairs with uracil; guanine pairs with cytosine.
  • Ribosomes consist of two units: a large subunit and a small subunit.

Protein Synthesis Essentials

  • 20 different amino acids make proteins.
  • 64 different mRNA codons encode for amino acids or stop signals.
  • Peptide bonds connect amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Genetic Code and Mutations

  • Codons determine specific amino acids; a codon is a triplet of nucleotides.
  • Base-pair substitution, insertion, and deletion are mutation types.
  • Sickle cell anemia is caused by a base-pair substitution mutation.
  • Not all mutations are harmful.

RNA Synthesis and Processing

  • Transcription translates the DNA sequence into RNA.
  • Initiation of translation begins when an initiation complex forms.
  • Introns are removed, and exons are retained during RNA processing.
  • Alternative splicing allows one gene to code for multiple proteins.

Translation Mechanism

  • Translation steps include initiation, elongation, and termination.
  • Initiator tRNA binds to the AUG start codon during initiation.
  • Elongation occurs as tRNA brings amino acids; the polypeptide chain is assembled.
  • Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, causing release factors to detach the mRNA.

Important Terms and Concepts

  • Promoter: DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription.
  • Anticodon: tRNA triplet that pairs with mRNA codons.
  • RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA.
  • Poly-A tail of 50-300 adenines is added to the 3' end of mRNA.
  • Polysomes are clusters of ribosomes translating the same mRNA simultaneously.

DNA vs. RNA

  • DNA is double-stranded; mRNA is single-stranded.
  • Only one type of DNA exists, whereas multiple RNA types are present.
  • Mitochondrial DNA is distinct and not identical to nuclear DNA of organisms.

Radiation and DNA

  • Ionizing radiation can break chromosomes during replication.
  • Non-ionizing radiation can elevate electron energy levels but does not displace them.

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Description

This quiz focuses on Chapter 13 of biology, covering essential topics related to the transformation of DNA into protein through various types of RNA. Test your knowledge with questions about the different RNA types, their structures, and functions. Perfect for study guides and flashcard review.

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