Podcast
Questions and Answers
How many different types of RNA molecules are in a cell and how many make a protein?
How many different types of RNA molecules are in a cell and how many make a protein?
3; 3
List the different types of RNA.
List the different types of RNA.
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
What substance is found in RNA but not in DNA?
What substance is found in RNA but not in DNA?
ribose
What are the base pairs in RNA?
What are the base pairs in RNA?
What is the relationship between RNA and the DNA template?
What is the relationship between RNA and the DNA template?
How many different types of amino acids make proteins?
How many different types of amino acids make proteins?
There are how many different mRNA codons?
There are how many different mRNA codons?
How many units make a ribosome?
How many units make a ribosome?
What contains anticodons?
What contains anticodons?
What contains codons?
What contains codons?
Base pairing rules are somewhat 'loose' for which base of a codon?
Base pairing rules are somewhat 'loose' for which base of a codon?
When does translation begin?
When does translation begin?
What are peptide bonds?
What are peptide bonds?
What is the 'start codon' for most proteins?
What is the 'start codon' for most proteins?
What is a stop codon?
What is a stop codon?
Are all mutations harmful?
Are all mutations harmful?
What type of mutation causes sickle cell anemia?
What type of mutation causes sickle cell anemia?
What are the different types of mutations?
What are the different types of mutations?
One or more pairs are inserted into DNA.
One or more pairs are inserted into DNA.
One or more pairs are deleted from DNA.
One or more pairs are deleted from DNA.
A wrong nucleotide is paired with an exposed base on a template strand and slips by proofreading and repair enzymes.
A wrong nucleotide is paired with an exposed base on a template strand and slips by proofreading and repair enzymes.
Double-stranded ______ and single-stranded _____ are related.
Double-stranded ______ and single-stranded _____ are related.
What are purines?
What are purines?
What are pyrimidines?
What are pyrimidines?
Codons from ______ pair with ______ from tRNA.
Codons from ______ pair with ______ from tRNA.
Is mitochondrial DNA identical to DNA of living organisms?
Is mitochondrial DNA identical to DNA of living organisms?
What is a nucleotide made of?
What is a nucleotide made of?
Is there more than one type of DNA?
Is there more than one type of DNA?
What are the steps of translation?
What are the steps of translation?
Know how to find an amino acid coded by mRNA using a chart of amino acids.
Know how to find an amino acid coded by mRNA using a chart of amino acids.
What is the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template?
What is the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template?
What is the only kind of RNA that carries protein-building codes?
What is the only kind of RNA that carries protein-building codes?
What delivers amino acids one by one to ribosomes?
What delivers amino acids one by one to ribosomes?
Nitrogenous base that pairs with thymine during DNA replication and then uracil in RNA?
Nitrogenous base that pairs with thymine during DNA replication and then uracil in RNA?
Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in RNA?
Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in RNA?
Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in DNA?
Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in DNA?
Nitrogen base that pairs with cytosine in DNA?
Nitrogen base that pairs with cytosine in DNA?
Nitrogen base that pairs with guanine in DNA?
Nitrogen base that pairs with guanine in DNA?
What enzyme catalyzes transcription of DNA into RNA?
What enzyme catalyzes transcription of DNA into RNA?
What is the nucleotide sequence in DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription?
What is the nucleotide sequence in DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription?
What nucleotide sequences are removed from a new RNA?
What nucleotide sequences are removed from a new RNA?
What sequences stay in the RNA?
What sequences stay in the RNA?
What is the concept where one gene can code for more than one protein?
What is the concept where one gene can code for more than one protein?
What becomes part of ribosomes and aids in the formation of peptide bonds?
What becomes part of ribosomes and aids in the formation of peptide bonds?
What single-stranded nucleic acid contains the sugar ribose?
What single-stranded nucleic acid contains the sugar ribose?
What is a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins?
What is a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins?
What makes up proteins?
What makes up proteins?
What happens when a tail of 50-300 adenines gets added to the 3' end of each new mRNA?
What happens when a tail of 50-300 adenines gets added to the 3' end of each new mRNA?
What is each base triplet in mRNA that specifies different amino acids?
What is each base triplet in mRNA that specifies different amino acids?
What set of 64 mRNA codons specifies an amino acid or stop signal in translation?
What set of 64 mRNA codons specifies an amino acid or stop signal in translation?
What is a triplet of nucleotides that base-pairs with a complementary mRNA codon?
What is a triplet of nucleotides that base-pairs with a complementary mRNA codon?
What process converts genetic information encoded in an mRNA transcript into a new polypeptide chain?
What process converts genetic information encoded in an mRNA transcript into a new polypeptide chain?
What is the first stage in translation?
What is the first stage in translation?
What is an initiator tRNA, an intact ribosome, and an mRNA clustered together called?
What is an initiator tRNA, an intact ribosome, and an mRNA clustered together called?
What happens as the mRNA threads between the two ribosomal subunits during translation?
What happens as the mRNA threads between the two ribosomal subunits during translation?
What occurs when the mRNA stop codon enters the ribosome?
What occurs when the mRNA stop codon enters the ribosome?
In cells that are quickly using or secreting proteins, there are often clusters of ribosomes called __________.
In cells that are quickly using or secreting proteins, there are often clusters of ribosomes called __________.
What are permanent, small-scale changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA called?
What are permanent, small-scale changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA called?
What segments of DNA can insert themselves anywhere in a chromosome?
What segments of DNA can insert themselves anywhere in a chromosome?
What can knock electrons right out of atoms and break chromosomes apart into pieces?
What can knock electrons right out of atoms and break chromosomes apart into pieces?
What can boost electrons to a higher energy level but not enough to knock them out of the atom?
What can boost electrons to a higher energy level but not enough to knock them out of the atom?
Study Notes
Types of RNA
- Three types of RNA molecules in a cell: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
- mRNA (messenger RNA) carries protein-building codes.
- tRNA (transfer RNA) delivers amino acids to ribosomes.
- rRNA (ribosomal RNA) forms part of the ribosome.
Structure and Function
- RNA contains ribose sugar, while DNA contains deoxyribose.
- RNA base pairs: adenine pairs with uracil; guanine pairs with cytosine.
- Ribosomes consist of two units: a large subunit and a small subunit.
Protein Synthesis Essentials
- 20 different amino acids make proteins.
- 64 different mRNA codons encode for amino acids or stop signals.
- Peptide bonds connect amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Genetic Code and Mutations
- Codons determine specific amino acids; a codon is a triplet of nucleotides.
- Base-pair substitution, insertion, and deletion are mutation types.
- Sickle cell anemia is caused by a base-pair substitution mutation.
- Not all mutations are harmful.
RNA Synthesis and Processing
- Transcription translates the DNA sequence into RNA.
- Initiation of translation begins when an initiation complex forms.
- Introns are removed, and exons are retained during RNA processing.
- Alternative splicing allows one gene to code for multiple proteins.
Translation Mechanism
- Translation steps include initiation, elongation, and termination.
- Initiator tRNA binds to the AUG start codon during initiation.
- Elongation occurs as tRNA brings amino acids; the polypeptide chain is assembled.
- Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, causing release factors to detach the mRNA.
Important Terms and Concepts
- Promoter: DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription.
- Anticodon: tRNA triplet that pairs with mRNA codons.
- RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA.
- Poly-A tail of 50-300 adenines is added to the 3' end of mRNA.
- Polysomes are clusters of ribosomes translating the same mRNA simultaneously.
DNA vs. RNA
- DNA is double-stranded; mRNA is single-stranded.
- Only one type of DNA exists, whereas multiple RNA types are present.
- Mitochondrial DNA is distinct and not identical to nuclear DNA of organisms.
Radiation and DNA
- Ionizing radiation can break chromosomes during replication.
- Non-ionizing radiation can elevate electron energy levels but does not displace them.
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Description
This quiz focuses on Chapter 13 of biology, covering essential topics related to the transformation of DNA into protein through various types of RNA. Test your knowledge with questions about the different RNA types, their structures, and functions. Perfect for study guides and flashcard review.
