Types and Components of Motivation

Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.

Winning a trophy or receiving money for a job well done.

Intrinsic motivation is doing an activity for its own sake, such as solving a crossword puzzle for enjoyment.

<p>Family motivation involves acting to support one's family, even without personal internal drive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation, persistence, and intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation refers to the decision to initiate a behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistence is the continued effort toward a goal despite obstacles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding motivation can increase efficiency in achieving goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intensity refers to the concentration and effort applied towards achieving a goal, which directly impacts the level of motivation one experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adjusting goals to align with personal values or importance increases motivation by making the goals more relevant and achievable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confidence increases motivation by reinforcing self-belief, which encourages the pursuit of goals and the implementation of effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All-or-nothing thinking is the belief that one must be perfect to succeed; this mindset can lead to decreased motivation if one experiences setbacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drive reduction theory suggests that human behavior is motivated by biological drives that seek fulfillment, such as hunger or thirst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maslow's hierarchy of needs indicates that motivation is based on fulfilling basic physiological needs before progressing to higher-level needs like self-actualization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrinsic motivation arises from internal factors, such as personal interest or enjoyment; for example, a student who studies a subject because they love learning it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The arousal theory posits that individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors that maintain their optimal arousal levels, seeking either stimulation or relaxation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steps to improve motivation include breaking down large goals into smaller steps, setting personal goals, and working on building confidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent low motivation may be linked to mental health conditions like depression, which can hinder one's ability to pursue goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Believing in quick fixes can lead to feelings of unmotivation if the individual does not see immediate results, causing frustration and discouragement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breaking down goals into smaller, manageable steps makes them feel less overwhelming, which can help maintain motivation as progress is made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding various theories of motivation helps tailor strategies to motivate oneself and others effectively in different contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-Determination theory emphasizes the importance of autonomy and supports personal goal achievement through techniques like goal setting and feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depression and chronic fatigue syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative cognitive states like low self-esteem and self-doubt can hinder confidence and drive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External influences can dampen motivation by leading to a lack of interest or excitement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lack of clear or significant goals can diminish motivation as individuals may feel directionless.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Content theories explain what motivation is, while process theories describe how motivation occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incentives act as anticipated features that can either pull individuals towards or push them away from goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working extra hours at a job to receive a bigger paycheck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotions can serve as motives, driving coordinated responses along affective, physiological, and behavioral channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The self-concordance model differentiates between four types of motivation based on their alignment with personal values and goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding the causes helps in developing targeted strategies to overcome barriers and enhance personal motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive theories explain how mental constructs influence motivational levels and guide behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Therapists can utilize Self-Determination theory, goal setting, and action planning to help clients find autonomous motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimental research and correlational research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The motivation cycle describes the dynamic process involving the push of motives and the pull of incentives towards goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extrinsic motivation is driven by external incentives or pressures, such as money or recognition, while intrinsic motivation comes from personal interest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A potential downside of extrinsic motivation is that it may not lead to sustained interest or engagement over the long term.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The five levels are physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motivational theories can be applied in education, business, and therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Achievement motivation is the desire to complete a task or attain a standard of excellence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-determination motivation is the drive to achieve objectives based on one's own values and interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ultimate goal of human motivation, according to Maslow, is self-actualization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A child cleaning their room to receive a desired gift is an example of extrinsic motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoidance motivation entails the desire to avoid undesirable outcomes or penalties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomy is significant in motivation because it supports an individual’s intrinsic drive and ownership over their actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Teachers might apply motivational theories by designing instruction that aligns with student interests and promoting goal-setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social motivation is the urge to engage with others and build relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The worker stays longer to be perceived as a 'hard worker' by others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both motivations lead individuals to pursue goals that are personally meaningful and enjoyable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are both considered forms of self-concordant motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dissatisfaction of unmet needs motivates individuals to pursue fulfillment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maslow categorizes needs into physiological and psychological needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alderfer's theory introduces the frustration-regression process, where unmet higher needs lead to focusing on lower needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drive for achievement is based on the psychological need for competence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Needs are developed and learned through socialization and environmental influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Herzberg's theory distinguishes between motivating factors and hygiene factors affecting job satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hygiene factors, such as salary and working conditions, can lead to dissatisfaction if inadequate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-actualization is the culmination of personal growth and fulfillment through meeting higher-level needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrinsic motivation enhances engagement as the worker enjoys using their skills in creative problem-solving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An individual's motivation is influenced by their need for achievement, affiliation, and power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-concordant goals are those that are personally valued and align with an individual’s interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two memory systems are the cool memory system, located in the hippocampus, which manages events in space and time, and the hot memory system in the amygdala, which encodes memories during high arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anxiety leads to worry, which consumes working memory capacity and results in a decline in performance on cognitive tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological theories emphasize that genetics primarily shape personality traits, supporting the nature side of the nature versus nurture debate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioral theories assert that personality is shaped through interactions with the environment and is a result of learned behaviors from conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychodynamic theories focus on the influence of the unconscious mind and the significance of childhood experiences on personality development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-actualization refers to the innate need for personal growth and development, motivating individuals to improve themselves and their circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traits are stable characteristics that influence behavior and form the psychological foundation for individual personality patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eysenck proposed three major dimensions of personality: extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism, analyzed through questionnaires and factor analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humanist theories are based on the belief that individuals have free will and the capacity for personal growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>While biological theories primarily emphasize genetics, they acknowledge that environmental variables can also influence personality traits through studies like twin comparisons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychodynamic theories propose that personality development occurs in stages, with specific conflicts that must be resolved to advance successfully.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cool memory systems are involved in normal event recall, while hot memory systems are specifically activated during high arousal situations linked to danger or trauma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trait theories are significant because they provide a structured way to assess personality through identifiable and measurable traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eysenck associated cortisol levels with personality, suggesting that introverts have high cortical arousal and thus tend to avoid stimulation, while extroverts seek it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theory X assumes employees dislike work and need strict supervision, while Theory Y believes employees enjoy work and seek responsibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theory Z motivates employees by ensuring job security and focusing on their well-being through group work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Hawthorne Effect suggests that employees increase productivity when they know their work is being observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thayer describes energetic arousal, associated with positive feelings, and tense arousal, linked to anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trait anxiety refers to a general tendency to respond negatively to the environment, while state anxiety occurs in response to specific situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It identifies a specific arousal range where an athlete performs their best, suggesting performance decreases outside this zone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inverted-U relationship suggests that performance increases with arousal to a point, after which it declines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hull-Spence drive theory emphasizes how arousal affects performance without consideration of cognitive awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arousal-biased competition theory posits that arousal prioritizes the processing of important information while diminishing less critical data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physiological arousal refers to bodily excitement (e.g., increased heart rate), while psychological arousal relates to subjective feelings of excitement or tension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personality tends to remain fairly consistent throughout life, although some aspects may change as we grow older.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feedback is crucial because it helps employees feel recognized and valued, which translates to higher motivation and productivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Job security in Theory Z fosters employee loyalty and commitment to the organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personality causes behaviors to occur based on individual preferences and reactions to the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Levels of arousal can be influenced by external stimuli, time of day, and personal experiences like competition or evaluation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be difficult to measure internal and abstract aspects like motivations and emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Yerkes-Dodson law states that optimal performance depends on the complexity of the task and the level of arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Case studies are highly subjective and findings are difficult to generalize to larger populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus to elicit a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operant conditioning uses reinforcements or punishments to influence behavior, while classical conditioning pairs stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The unconscious mind influences behavior and experiences despite being outside of conscious awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The id is the component of personality that seeks immediate gratification of basic urges and desires.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ego mediates between the demands of the id and the realities of the world to achieve balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The superego contains our internalized ideals and moral standards, guiding behavior towards morality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It explores unique individual characteristics and the commonalities among groups, impacting behavior and health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental factors can influence how certain personality traits are expressed in various contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-report methods depend on an individual's memory and perception, which can be subjective and inaccurate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The unconscious mind plays a crucial role in shaping behavior and personality by influencing thoughts and actions that individuals are not consciously aware of.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erikson's theory describes how personality develops throughout various stages of life, focusing on social interactions and conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skinner identified fixed-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-ratio, and variable-interval schedules of reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bem's gender schema theory explains that gender roles are formed through cultural influences like parenting, media, and education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maslow’s hierarchy includes physiological needs, safety and security needs, love and affection needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carl Rogers introduced the concept of the actualizing tendency, which is the drive to fulfill one's potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four major types of personality theories are psychoanalytic, humanistic, trait perspective, and behaviorist theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Freud believed personality consists of the id, ego, and superego.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Fully functioning' refers to individuals who are open to experiences, trusting of their judgment, and able to live fully in the moment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Freud believed that childhood experiences, especially early parental influences, significantly shape adult personality development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operant conditioning is a learning process through which behaviors are influenced by rewards or punishments, primarily associated with B.F. Skinner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental factors can significantly influence personality by shaping behaviors and reactions to different situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personality theories provide frameworks to understand the origins and traits of personality disorders, helping in their diagnosis and treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In Freud's theories, libido refers to the instinctual energy driving an individual's sexual and creative urges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reciprocal determinism is the concept that personality traits, environmental factors, and overt behavior influence each other to determine behavior, rather than acting in isolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-efficacy affects the choices individuals make and the challenges they will approach, impacting their potential outcomes and success in various situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A person with low self-efficacy is less likely to enter situations requiring difficult tasks, especially in high-pressure environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-efficacy is a key component that influences how individuals perceive their ability to influence their own behaviors within the framework of reciprocal determinism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The interaction among personal traits, behaviors, and environmental factors is significant as it creates a comprehensive understanding of how behaviors are formed and sustained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It focuses on the consequences of human behavior, distinguishing between positive reinforcements and punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motivation is determined by perceptions of fairness in rewards received for contributions compared to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goals should be specific, challenging, and attainable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows individuals to measure progress and provides necessary feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It differentiates between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement/punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-efficacy influences an individual’s belief in their ability to succeed at tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valence represents the value an individual places on the rewards of success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plans are cognitive structures that help individuals set and pursue goals effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparing one's contributions and rewards against those of others can lead to feelings of inequity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goal commitment refers to the degree to which an individual is dedicated to achieving a goal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-regulation involves managing one's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors to achieve goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Setting unrealistic or overly easy goals can discourage motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implementation intentions refer to specific plans about when and where to act on goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A growth mindset encourages the belief that abilities can be developed, whereas a fixed mindset sees abilities as static.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Support elements, such as encouragement and resources, are essential for facilitating goal achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three components are the id, the ego, and the superego.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Freud believed that early childhood experiences during five psychosexual stages shape one's personality development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trait theory posits that people's personalities vary according to dominant basic personality traits that exist on a continuum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The five traits are agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humanistic theories suggest that personality is heavily influenced by an individual's self-perception and self-actualization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-actualization drives individuals to pursue personal growth, which is a core aspect of their personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social cognitive theories emphasize the role of learning through social interactions and the impact of expectations on behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviorism links personality to the consequences of actions, while social learning theory emphasizes learning from observing others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One criticism is that psychodynamic theories may lack empirical support and rely too heavily on subjective interpretation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personality theories evolve as new research findings and methods emerge, adapting to new psychological insights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In trait theory, 'continuum' refers to the idea that personality traits exist on a scale rather than as fixed categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carl Jung introduced concepts such as the collective unconscious and archetypes, expanding upon Freud's original ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traits such as extraversion or neuroticism can influence social interactions and coping mechanisms in everyday situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maslow's hierarchy underscores that basic needs must be met for individuals to pursue higher-level psychological growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They show that identical twins raised apart often exhibit similar behaviors and characteristics, suggesting a genetic influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Id, Ego, and Superego.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Ego helps the individual adapt to reality and balance the demands of the Id and Superego.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repression is the banishment of threatening thoughts, feelings, and memories into the unconscious mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The collective unconscious contains universal archetypes shared among all humans, whereas the personal unconscious is unique to the individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardinal traits are dominant characteristics that define a person's behavior and identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unstable/Stable and Introverted/Extroverted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Past reinforcement conditions a person to respond in certain ways, influencing future behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The behavioral approach emphasizes that behavior is primarily a function of environmental factors and learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bandura's theory incorporates cognitive processes, emphasizing that thought influences behavior imitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that cognitive factors, along with environmental influences, play a crucial role in determining behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expectancy-value theory suggests that motivation is driven by the expected outcomes of one's actions based on past experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary traits are behaviors that manifest only in specific situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological theories argue that personality traits are determined by brain structures and neurophysiology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Superego acts as a moral guide, creating feelings of guilt or pride based on one's actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archetypes are inherited symbols and themes shared by all humans, influencing art, dreams, and religions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolutionary theory posits that personality traits evolved to enhance the survival of our ancestors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperament refers to a person's characteristic emotional state that is evident from early infancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Introverts focus on their inner thoughts and feelings, while extroverts gain energy from social interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocrates identified sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic, and choleric temperaments associated with different body fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phrenology involved studying the bumps on the skull, believed to correlate with personality and intellectual traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatotypes link physical body types—ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph—with corresponding personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioral genetics examines the relationship between genetic inheritance and individual behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This suggests that personality traits remain relatively consistent and fundamentally influence how individuals behave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A person's environment can reinforce certain behaviors, shaping personality traits through social interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Believing one has control over outcomes increases motivation to act, especially if positive outcomes are anticipated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurotransmitter levels are believed to influence one's emotional outlook and, consequently, their personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Darwin's theories suggest that personality traits developed to enhance survival chances in ancestral environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers