lecture-32-immune hypersensitivity- kaushik

A condition where maternal antibodies attack fetal blood cells, leading to anemia and potentially severe consequences.

Severe form of hemolytic disease of the newborn; caused by maternal IgG attacking fetal blood cells.

A condition where certain drugs induce the body to produce antibodies that attack red blood cells, causing anemia.

Immune reaction where antibodies bind to antigens on cell surfaces, triggering complement activation and cell destruction.

Low platelet count, leading to abnormal bleeding.

A blood group system based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells, determining blood types A, B, AB, and O.

Antibodies (usually IgM) against ABO blood group antigens that are naturally present in the blood of individuals lacking those antigens.

A carbohydrate antigen present on all blood types, serving as a precursor for A and B antigens.

An adverse immune response that occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed, leading to destruction of transfused red blood cells.

A process where the complement system, a part of the immune system, destroys cells by forming pores in their membranes.

Presence of hemoglobin in the urine, resulting from the breakdown of red blood cells.

An increase in bilirubin levels in the blood, caused by the breakdown of heme from red blood cells.

An antigen found on red blood cells, categorized as Rh-positive or Rh-negative.

A delayed immune response to transfused blood, usually due to antibodies against minor blood group antigens, occurring days after the transfusion.

Antibodies responsible for delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions, targeting minor blood group antigens.

Antibodies (usually IgM) that are naturally present in the blood and target ABO blood group antigens that the individual doesn't possess.

Because they don't have the 'B' antigen on their red blood cells, their immune system naturally produces antibodies against it, recognizing it as 'foreign' and potentially dangerous.

A severe reaction that occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed during a transfusion. The recipient's antibodies attack the donor's red blood cells, leading to their destruction.

Immediate symptoms include: hemoglobin in the urine, bilirubin buildup, fever, chills, nausea, clotting within blood vessels, and pain in the lower back.

This reaction happens a few days after the transfusion, often due to antibodies against minor blood group antigens. It involves a slower destruction of red blood cells.

An autoimmune disease where antibodies target a collagen protein in the kidneys and lungs, causing inflammation and damage.

A blistering skin and mucosal disease caused by autoantibodies attacking desmogleins, proteins holding skin cells together.

A hypersensitivity reaction where antibody-antigen complexes deposit in tissues, triggering inflammation and damage.

Adhesion proteins that glue together cells in the skin and mucosal layers.

Deposition of immune complexes activates complement and recruits neutrophils, leading to the release of damaging granules.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) occurs when a mother who is Rh-negative carries an Rh-positive fetus. During pregnancy or delivery, fetal blood cells can enter the mother's circulation, triggering the production of Rh antibodies. In subsequent pregnancies with Rh-positive fetuses, these antibodies can cross the placenta and attack fetal red blood cells, causing anemia and other complications.

Rhogam is an injection of anti-Rh antibodies given to Rh-negative mothers during pregnancy and after delivery. It works by preventing the mother's immune system from producing antibodies against Rh antigens present on fetal blood cells. This prevents the development of HDN in future pregnancies.

Certain drugs, like penicillin and some NSAIDs, can bind to proteins on red blood cell membranes. This creates a complex that the immune system recognizes as foreign. The body then produces antibodies against this complex, which can trigger complement-mediated lysis of red blood cells, leading to anemia.

Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by a low platelet count in the blood, making it difficult for the blood to clot. It can be caused by several factors, including decreased platelet production, increased platelet destruction, and abnormal distribution of platelets. Type II hypersensitivity reactions, where antibodies attack platelets, can contribute to increased destruction and cause immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.

Purpura is a condition characterized by areas of purplish discoloration on the skin. It is a prominent symptom of thrombocytopenia, caused by leakage of blood into the skin layers due to the inability to form clots effectively.

Antibodies bind to target cells, marking them for destruction by NK cells.

Antibodies target erythrocytes (red blood cells), causing their destruction.

Antibodies that attack red blood cells at normal body temperature.

A medication given to Rh-negative mothers to prevent Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn by blocking the development of antibodies against Rh antigens in the fetus.

A severe, rapid reaction that occurs shortly after a blood transfusion due to ABO incompatibility. It involves widespread destruction of red blood cells leading to symptoms like fever, chills, and hemoglobinuria.