Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction Medical Management

Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy

• The posterior iliac crest is the preferred location for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy due to the absence of vital organs or vessels nearby.
• Local anesthesia is given during bone marrow aspiration and biopsy to minimize discomfort.
• The patient may feel a sharp pain or pressure as the needle goes into the bone during bone marrow aspiration and biopsy.
• After a biopsy is performed, the needle should be left in place for a few seconds to allow for pressure to be applied to the biopsy site.

Herpes Zoster and Skin Disorders

• Herpes zoster ophthalmicus requires nursing interventions such as applying cool, wet compresses to the affected eye, administering analgesics, and monitoring for signs of bacterial superinfection.
• The characteristic manifestation during the acute eruptive phase of herpes zoster is a unilateral, painful, maculopapular rash that progresses to vesicles.
• In psoriasis vulgaris, pruritic skin lesions are primarily found on the scalp, knees, elbows, and lower back.
• Stress is a risk factor for exacerbation of psoriasis.
• A key aspect of managing psoriasis is maintaining skin moisture and avoiding triggers that exacerbate the condition.

Hypersensitivity Reactions

• Stevens-Johnson Syndrome is distinguished from Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) by the extent of skin detachment (less than 10% in SJS, more than 30% in TEN).
• For a patient with Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, a nursing action is to maintain a clean environment, provide emotional support, and monitor for infection.
• The hallmark of Immune Complex Hypersensitivity Type 3 is the formation of immune complexes that activate the complement cascade.
• Type 4 Hypersensitivity is mediated by T cells.
• The main characteristic of Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions is the formation of immune complexes that activate the complement cascade.

Hypersensitivity and Immune Reactions

• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) results from low levels of platelets because the body attacks its own platelets.
• ITP is an example of Immune Complex Hypersensitivity Type 3.
• A CBC is used to assess platelet count in the diagnostic evaluation of hypersensitivity reactions.
• The Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) is an automated blood test performed on blood samples to determine sensitivity to various allergens.
• The disadvantage of provocative testing in allergy assessment is the risk of anaphylaxis.
• The main advantage of RAST over skin testing is that it can detect IgE antibodies against specific allergens.

Infections

• The most effective way to prevent the spread of VRE is to practice good hand hygiene and maintain a clean environment.
• A key characteristic of Clostridium Difficile mentioned in the text is its ability to form spores that can survive for months.
• Taking antibiotics can make a person susceptible to Clostridium Difficile infection according to the text.
• Clostridium Difficile can be transmitted through the fecal-oral route, contaminated surfaces, and contaminated healthcare workers' hands.
• A nursing intervention for managing a patient with Clostridium Difficile infection is to maintain good hand hygiene and use contact precautions.
• A common symptom of a patient with Clostridium Difficile infection is watery diarrhea.
• Cleaning surfaces with bleach is important in cases of Clostridium Difficile infection because it can kill the spores.
• A treatment option for Clostridium Difficile infection is metronidazole or vancomycin.

Allergies and Anaphylaxis

• Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by itching, burning, erythema, and skin lesions.
• A common trigger for anaphylaxis in food allergies is peanuts.
• In Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction, angioedema involves edema of a deeper layer of skin.
• Fish is not listed as a common offender in food allergies.
• The most effective medical management approach for food allergies is avoidance of the offending food.
• Contact dermatitis is a skin disorder mediated by T cells and caused by direct contact with a substance.
• The primary nursing intervention to manage contact dermatitis is to identify and remove the offending substance.

Skin Disorders

• Psoriasis can lead to body image disturbance due to skin distortion and rashes.
• Medications can trigger an allergic reaction in a sensitized patient upon re-exposure to a drug.