30 Questions
Which of the following is the correct half-life of insulin?
5 minutes
What triggers the fusion of insulin-containing secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane?
Calcium
Which of the following is NOT a function of insulin?
Nucleic acid synthesis
Which of the following is NOT dependent on insulin for glucose uptake?
Brain
What is the definition of diabetes?
A group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia
Who discovered pancreatic diabetes?
Oskar Minkowski
What are the two molecules connected by dipeptide links in insulin?
Insulin and C-peptide
Which of the following is a characteristic of Type 1 diabetes?
Decreased insulin secretion
What is the main defect in Type 2 diabetes?
Insulin resistance
Which autoantibodies are commonly detected in Type 1 diabetes?
All of the above
What is the role of environmental factors in the development of Type 1 diabetes?
They precipitate autoimmune response
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Type 2 diabetes?
Premature destruction of beta cells
What is the primary defect in beta cells in Type 2 diabetes?
Decreased insulin secretion
Which of the following is a characteristic of Type 2 diabetes, but not Type 1 diabetes?
Obesity
Which of the following is true about the diagnostic criteria for diabetes?
Two-hour plasma glucose level of 180 mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test is considered diagnostic for diabetes
What is the normal range for blood glucose levels?
100 to 140 mg/dL
Which of the following is a characteristic of Type 1 diabetes?
Lack of insulin
What is the most common type of diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes
What is the diagnostic criteria for prediabetes based on HbA1c level?
HbA1c level of 6.0% to 6.4%
What is the most common cause of chronic hyperglycemia and metabolic abnormalities in diabetes?
Insulin deficiency
What is the 7th leading cause of death in the United States?
Type 2 diabetes
Which of the following is a major metabolic effect of insulin?
Stimulates glucose uptake into muscle and adipose cells
What are the consequences of insulin deficiency?
Ketoacidosis and production of ketone bodies
What is the non-enzymatic reaction between glucose derived cellular elements and amino groups on proteins called?
Formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)
What are the consequences of disturbance of polyol pathways in non-insulin dependent tissues?
Osmotic effects and increases extracellular matrix
What does the non-enzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin indicate?
Irreversible glycated hemoglobin
What are the major metabolic effects of insulin in muscle?
All of the above
What are the consequences of insulin deficiency in terms of muscle?
Muscle wasting
What is a reliable indicator of high glucose levels in the presence of hemoglobin?
Non-enzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin
When is HbA1c not a reliable indicator of high glucose levels?
When the average RBC lifespan is significantly shorter
Test your knowledge on the pathophysiologic features of Type 1 Diabetes, a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Explore the role of CD8+ T cells, genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers, and the autoimmune response. Discover the significance of islet cell antibodies in the diagnosis of this condition.
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