Unit 6 & 7 Patho Exam

Diuretics primarily affect sodium and potassium levels.

If urine becomes too acidic, the kidneys retain bicarbonate to neutralize it.

Kidney failure reduces erythropoietin, leading to lower red blood cell (RBC) and platelet counts.

GFR is a measure of kidney function; higher is better, ideally above 90.

Kidney failure stages (1-5) show increasing impairment, with stage 5 requiring dialysis or transplant.

Filtrate in Bowman's capsule initially resembles plasma, but its composition progressively changes.

Essential substances are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood within the nephron.

Avoid drawing blood, IVs, blood pressure checks, and tourniquets near dialysis fistulas.

An enlargement of the prostate gland, often causing difficulty urinating.

Loop diuretic; it reduces fluid volume by increasing urine output, but it does not save potassium.

Low potassium levels in the blood.

3.5-5.0 mEq/L.

Diuretics that reduce fluid volume, similar to loop diuretics but less potent, also not potassium-sparing

Potassium-sparing diuretic that can cause tumors.

Kidney infection affecting collecting ducts, renal parenchyma, and pelvis.

Narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the heart.

Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart, goes away with rest or stopping exertion

Medical emergency where organs aren't getting enough blood flow.

Severe bleeding requiring immediate intervention, often requiring blood transfusions.

Blood type O negative (O-). It can be transfused to any blood type in an emergency.

Blood type AB positive (AB+). It can receive blood from any type.

Kidney damage caused by reduced blood flow to the kidneys.

Glomerular Filtration Rate. A measure of how well the kidneys filter blood; a high number means healthy function.

Chest pain that subsides with rest and is triggered by exertion.

A protein released into the blood after a heart attack.

A heart attack; blockage of blood flow to the heart, causing cell damage.

Medication to break up blood clots.

Drugs that increase urine output by blocking the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the kidneys; watch for electrolyte imbalance.

Predictable chest pain, often triggered by exertion, resolving with rest or stopping the activity, managed with beta-blockers like atenolol.

Sudden, unpredictable chest pain that does not resolve with rest. Serious and requires urgent medical attention, treated with sublingual Nitroglycerin.

A severe heart attack requiring prompt treatment with MONA (Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin).

Procedure requiring priming with normal saline solution, double-checking ABO/RH compatibility, and monitoring vital signs throughout for adverse reactions

Hormones used to treat shock by constricting blood vessels to maintain adequate blood pressure. This is often a part of the treatment for Hypovolemic Shock (low blood volume).

Angina is categorized as stable (predictable) or unstable (unpredictable) or Prinzmetal (coronary artery spasms).

Nitroglycerin (Nitro) dilates both veins and arteries, significantly and rapidly.

Administer Nitro up to every 5 minutes, maximum 3 doses, screen for concomitant use of ED meds.,antihypertensives and/or alcohol.

Beta-blockers decrease heart rate and contractility by influencing the sympathetic nervous system.

Beta-blockers are often used to prevent stable angina, but not for vasospastic angina.

Calcium channel blockers relax smooth muscles, dilate coronary arteries and treat atrial dysrhythmias.

Unstable angina and a possible MI are differentiated based on Troponin 1 and/or T levels, if increased, confirms a MI. If not, it is Unstable, and MONA is the treatment.

Anemia can be categorized as macrocytic (large cells), microcytic (small cells), or normocytic (normal cells) based on RBC morphology.

Pernicious anemia arises from the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12 due to a lack of intrinsic factor, often associated with stomach surgeries.

Iron deficiency anaemia is frequently linked to blood loss (GI bleeds, menstruation, pregnancy), inadequate iron intake and absorption.

Diuretics primarily affect sodium and potassium electrolytes.

Kidneys hold bicarbonate to neutralize overly acidic urine.

Kidney failure reduces erythropoietin, impacting red blood cell and platelet production.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) measures kidney function; a higher number (above 90) is ideal.

Avoid drawing blood, IVs, blood pressure checks, and tourniquets near dialysis fistulas.

Acute kidney disease or injury can sometimes be reversed.

Enlarged prostate causing urination difficulty.

Loop diuretic. Increases urine output, but LOSES potassium.

Low potassium levels.

3.5-5.0 mEq/L.

Kidney infection in collecting ducts, renal tissue, & pelvis.

Narrowing of coronary arteries.

Chest pain from reduced blood flow. Stops with rest.

Medical emergency; organs don't get enough blood.

Predictable chest pain triggered by exertion, relieved by rest.

Sudden, unpredictable chest pain not relieved by rest, serious, urgent care needed.

Angina caused by coronary artery spasms, cyclical pain.

Dilates both veins and arteries, rapidly.

Slows heart rate and reduces contractility, affecting sympathetic nervous system.

Elevated Troponin levels indicate a heart attack (MI).

Severe bleeding requiring immediate intervention, often needing blood transfusions.

Blood type O negative (O-). Can be transfused to anyone.

Blood type AB positive (AB+). Can receive from any blood type.

Kidney damage caused by reduced blood flow to the kidneys.

A measure of kidney function; higher is better, ideally above 90.

Chest pain triggered by exertion, subsides with rest.

Protein released into blood after a heart attack.

Heart attack; blockage of blood flow results in cell damage.

Medications that dissolve blood clots.

Drugs increasing urine output by blocking sodium and chloride reabsorption.