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Questions and Answers
A 28-year-old patient is newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Which immunological process is most likely the primary cause of this condition?
A 28-year-old patient is newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Which immunological process is most likely the primary cause of this condition?
- Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. (correct)
- Increased production of counter-regulatory hormones like glucagon.
- Impaired signaling of insulin receptors in peripheral tissues.
- Insulin resistance due to prolonged exposure to high glucose levels.
What is the significance of monitoring islet autoantibodies such as GAD, islet antigen 2, and ZnT8 in the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes?
What is the significance of monitoring islet autoantibodies such as GAD, islet antigen 2, and ZnT8 in the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes?
- They quantify the amount of residual insulin production by the pancreas.
- They are markers of the autoimmune process targeting pancreatic beta cells. (correct)
- They help in assessing the current glucose control and HbA1c levels.
- They directly indicate the level of insulin resistance in peripheral tissues.
A patient with type 1 diabetes is being educated on managing their condition. What key information should they understand to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A patient with type 1 diabetes is being educated on managing their condition. What key information should they understand to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
- The importance of maintaining a high-fiber, low-carbohydrate diet.
- The role of oral medications in stimulating insulin production.
- The absolute requirement for exogenous insulin administration to prevent DKA. (correct)
- The necessity of regular exercise to improve insulin sensitivity.
Which of the following is the MOST appropriate A1C goal for an adult with diabetes?
Which of the following is the MOST appropriate A1C goal for an adult with diabetes?
A 40-year-old patient is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Besides insulin resistance, which factor is MOST likely contributing to the patient's condition?
A 40-year-old patient is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Besides insulin resistance, which factor is MOST likely contributing to the patient's condition?
A family physician is determining when to begin screening patients for type 2 diabetes. At what age should screening start in asymptomatic individuals with no risk factors?
A family physician is determining when to begin screening patients for type 2 diabetes. At what age should screening start in asymptomatic individuals with no risk factors?
What is an indication to screen an individual for type 2 diabetes before the age of 35?
What is an indication to screen an individual for type 2 diabetes before the age of 35?
Which of the following medications used to treat other conditions can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
Which of the following medications used to treat other conditions can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
Which sign or symptom is commonly associated with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Which sign or symptom is commonly associated with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
In the progression of type 2 diabetes, why might a patient initially managed with oral medications eventually require insulin therapy?
In the progression of type 2 diabetes, why might a patient initially managed with oral medications eventually require insulin therapy?
Flashcards
Type 1 Diabetes Cause
Type 1 Diabetes Cause
Auto-immune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosis
Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosis
Multiple islet autoantibodies: GAD, islet antigen 2, or ZnT8.
Type 1 Diabetes Signs
Type 1 Diabetes Signs
Increased thirst, hunger, frequent urination, weight loss, fatigue, irritability, and new bed-wetting.
Type 2 Diabetes Definition
Type 2 Diabetes Definition
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Diabetes Screening Age
Diabetes Screening Age
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Medications Increasing Diabetes Risk
Medications Increasing Diabetes Risk
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Diabetes Risk Factors
Diabetes Risk Factors
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Diabetes Symptoms
Diabetes Symptoms
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Type 1 Diabetes Treatment
Type 1 Diabetes Treatment
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Diabetes Goal A1C
Diabetes Goal A1C
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Study Notes
- Auto-immune pancreatic beta cells destruction occurs.
- Commonly expressed at age less than 35 years.
- Diagnosing involves multiple islet autoantibodies like GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase (primary), islet antigen 2, or Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8)
- Individuals do not produce insulin and must be given insulin to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- Insulin sensitive individuals require 0.5-1.0 units/kg/day
- Expression is due to a combination of genes & environment, autoimmunity tends to run in families, and exposure to virus or other environmental factors.
- Signs can include increased thirst & hunger, frequent urination or new bed-wetting at HS, unintended weight loss, fatigue & irritability.
- Goal A1C is <7.0%
Complex Metabolic Disorders
- Characterized by insulin resistance & deficiency with social, behavioral & environmental risk factors unmasking the effects of genetic susceptibility.
- All people should start screening at age 35
- Screen at any age if BMI >25 (Asians BMI >23) plus one or > additional risk factors
- A first-degree relative has diabetes
- Individual is a member of a high-risk ethnic population
- Individual has habitual physical inactivity
- Individual has Pre-Diabetes
Additional Information
- History of heart disease, pancreatitis, gestational diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, other conditions
- Taking high risk medications; antiretrovirals, 2nd generation antipsychotics, or steroids
- Hypertension should be >130/80
- HDL should be <35
- Triglycerides should be >250
- Oral medications are effective initially, but disease progression often requires insulin.
Blurred Vision and Dizziness
- Excessive thirst and hunger are symptoms
- Frequent urination may occur
- Weight loss and fatigue are symptoms
- Headache may occur
- Muscle cramps may occur
- Patients are often asymptomatic
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