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The Industrial Revolution Begins

• During the early Industrial Revolution, Britain became an industrial giant
• The Industrial Revolution describes the development of industry in Britain
• The Industrial Revolution began with the invention of machines that could do jobs done by hand
• The rural way of life began to disappear as country villages turned into industrial towns and cities
• In 1750, most people worked the land, making their own clothing and growing their own food
• By the 1850s, people in cities could buy clothing and food made by someone else
• New farming methods made possible the Industrial Revolution, leading to better crops and more crops
• Landowners used enclosure, taking over and combining lands shared by peasant farmers to make larger, productive farms
• With increased production, surplus food was available and fewer people died from starvation, raising the population
• As enclosed farms needed fewer workers, many moved to cities and formed the labor force for factories
• Technology helped start the Industrial Revolution
• James Watt improved the steam engine in 1764, which became an important power source, powering machines, locomotives, and steamships
• The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1700s

Why Did The Industrial Revolution Start In Britain?

• Population growth: Greater food supply led to a population boom

• Natural resources: Plenty of natural resources

• Geography: Island nation benefited from trade; rivers provided water power and means to move goods

• Labor source: Former farmworkers moved into cities, starting a new workforce

• Capital: Business people willing to invest in new businesses

• Entrepreneurs: People willing to take a financial risk to start a new business

• Britain had a stable government that supported business growth

• The Industrial Revolution started in textiles, Britain's largest industry

• Merchants used the putting-out system (cottage industry), where raw cotton was passed to workers in homes to spin into thread and weave into cloth

• Production was slow, so inventors created new devices and machines to speed up the process

• Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in the United States, leading to increased cotton production

• Factories were built to house machines needing steam engines for power

• Transportation changed as cheaper ways to move goods were needed with increased production

• Turnpikes, or private roads, were built, requiring travelers to pay a toll

• Turnpikes soon linked every part of Britain

• Canals provided a cheaper way to deliver coal and raw materials to factories

• The steam locomotive's invention made possible the growth of railroads

• During the early Industrial Revolution, Britain became an industrial giant

• Later, Germany and the United States also emerged as new industrial giants, with more coal, iron, and other resources than Britain

• Other nations also started to industrialize, but the progress was slower

• Similar to Britain, the new industrial nations saw social, economic, and political changes

• By 1900, factories in most industrialized nations were safer places to work

• More goods were available at lower prices, enabling more people to afford to buy things

• Demand for workers increased along with the demand for goods, leading to more jobs and city growth

• Nations competed for world trade, with Western nations having technological and economic advantages that affected the world significantly

The Social Impact of The Industrialism

• The Industrial Revolution brought urbanization, the movement of people to cities

• Small towns became busy industrial centers, changing both labor and people greatly

• Entrepreneurs gained the most from the industrial growth

• Merchants, inventors, and skilled artisans joined a new middle class, living well in clean neighborhoods

• They had no sympathy for the poor

• Most factory workers were poor and lived in crowded, unsanitary tenements with no running water or sewage systems

• Garbage rotted in the streets, and diseases spread quickly under these conditions

• Factory work differed greatly from farm work

• Factory workers faced long days with 12 to 16-hour shifts six or seven days a week

• Factory machines were dangerous, causing accidents that injured workers

• Conditions in the mines were worse

• Factories and mines hired children, some only seven or eight years old

• Michael Sadler, a member of Parliament, started to investigate the textile industry's conditions for children in 1833

• The Sadler report revealed harsh conditions, leading Parliament to pass "factory acts" in 1833 to improve working conditions for children

• The early Industrial Age introduced great hardships, but also had benefits

• Laws were gradually passed to improve working conditions

• Labor unions, organizations of workers, pushed for better working conditions

• More job opportunities became available

• More people could buy goods, improving the standard of living

• Standard of living improved, meaning people's needs and wants were better met

• Chances for social mobility, or the ability to move up the social ladder, improved

• Working-class men gained the right to vote

• New ideas about business and economics emerged during the Industrial Revolution

New Ways Of Thinking

• Adam Smith: Supporter of laissez-faire economics, believing that unregulated markets are best for everyone

• Thomas Malthus: Supporter of laissez-faire economics, believing that population growth would strain food supply and the poor would suffer

• No government support for the poor was advised and smaller families were better to help the poor

• David Ricardo: Supporter of laissez-faire economics, believing wage increases are useless

• Wage increases would only cover necessities, and families with more income have more children

• Jeremy Bentham: Believed laws should be judged by their usefulness in bringing the greatest happiness to the greatest number of citizens

• John Stuart Mill: Believed the government should help the poor and advocated for women's and workers' voting rights

• Socialism: The people, not individuals, would own and operate the farms, factories, and businesses that produce and distribute goods to end poverty and injustice

• Robert Owen: One socialist set up a model community with good treatment of employees, homes for workers, and a school for their children

• Karl Marx: A German philosopher, said a struggle between social classes would end in a classless society called communism, where wealth and power would be equally shared

The Second Industrial Revolution

• Technology led to industrial and economic growth

New Inventions

• Henry Bessemer: Invented the process for making steel from iron

• Alfred Nobel: Invented dynamite

• Michael Faraday: Created the first electric motor and the first dynamo

• Thomas Edison: Made the first electric light bulb

• New methods of production changed how goods were made in factories

• Interchangeable parts: Identical parts used interchangeably, shortening production and repair time

• Assembly line: Arranged machines, equipment, and workers in a line, with workers adding parts to the product as it moved along a belt, reducing production time

• Steamships replaced sailing ships. Railroads connected cities, seaports, mining regions, and industrial centers

• Internal combustion engine: Started the age of automobiles

• Henry Ford: Began manufacturing automobiles that traveled at 25 miles per hour and the United States became a leader in the automobile industry

• Orville and Wilbur Wright: Introduced airplanes

• Samuel F.B. Morse: Developed the telegraph, sending messages over wires by electricity

• Alexander Graham Bell: Patented the telephone in 1876

• Guglielmo Marconi: Invented the radio

• Businesses grew into giant corporations by selling stock to investors to get money

• Some business leaders created monopolies, controlling entire industries and raising prices

• Critics of big business said that they kept other companies from competing in the marketplace

• Some admired big business and said these leaders used money to invest in important ventures and provided jobs

• Reformers: Wanted laws that would regulate businesses

• Between 1800 and 1900, the population of Europe more than doubled

• Medicine, nutrition, and public sanitation improvements slowed death rates

• Advances in germ theory and hygiene lowered disease rates and improved hospital care

• Cities improved with paved streets, wide boulevards, sewer systems, and new buildings

• City life attracted many people despite the difficulty for the poor living in city slums

• As industrialization progressed, cities dominated the West leading to grown cities

• Workers joined unions to fight for better work conditions and higher pay

• Governments passed laws to improve and regulate working conditions

• Standards of living rose for many workers, enabling higher wages, a greater variety of goods and services

• Public education and better healthcare became available

Changing Ways Of Life and Thought

• In the late 1800s, social order in the Western world slowly changed with the emergence of new classes
• A new upper class consisted of rich business along with the old nobility
• A middle class consisted of mid-level business people and professionals such as scientists, and doctors
• Workers and peasants were at the bottom of the social order
• Demands for women's rights challenged traditional social order
• Women protested the restrictions on their lives
• Women's suffrage, or the right to vote, became a political cause
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Sojourner Truth worked to achieve this goal in the United States
• By the late 1800s, reformers pushed for public education, requiring all children to receive a basic education
• As public education expanded, more and more children attended school

New Ideas in Science

• Charles Darwin: Introduced the theory of evolution and natural selection which was presented in On the Origin of Species

• Charles Lyell: Offered evidence the Earth had formed over millions of years which was presented in Principles of Geology

• John Dalton: Modern atomic theory

• Dmitri Mendeleyev: Periodic table of elements

• The Earth formed over millions of years challenging religious views

• Darwin's work presented the theory of evolution, explaining that it took millions of years for life to evolve where members of each species compete to survive

• Lyell's and Darwin's ideas challenge what was in the Bible

• Some used Darwin's ideas to encourage racism, or prejudice

• Social Darwinism, as it was called, claimed that the success of Western civilization was because of the superiority of the white race

• Religion remained a force in Western society

• Christian and Jewish labor unions and political parties pushed for reforms

• Individuals, church groups, and Jewish organizations worked to help the poor

• Supported by Christian churches, the social gospel movement pushed for reforms that would improve housing, healthcare, and education for the working poor

• Organizations, such as the Salvation Army, were established to provide social services

• From about 1750 to 1850, romanticism influenced Western art and literature as a new cultural movement

• Reason, harmony, and control had been part of the Enlightenment

• Romanticism: Emphasized intense feelings, the celebration of nature, and the use of simple language, turning away from the harsh reality of industry

• Writers like Victor Hugo used stories and history from the past

• Painters used bright colors and chose all kinds of subjects

• Composers wrote stirring music and incorporated folk music

• Realism: An art movement and turned away from intense feelings, showing the world as it was, revealing the harsh side of life in slums and poor villages

• Charles Dickens' novels tell stories of poor factory workers, mistreated children, and urban crime

• Realist painters such as Gustave Courbet painted ordinary subjects based on what “they have seen"

• Photography became a new art form after Louis Daguerre invented the process

• Impressionism focused on light and color rather than an accurate representation of a subject