MCQ Cancer Immunology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are tumour antigens?

  • Proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids, or carbohydrates expressed on the tumour cell surface (correct)
  • Hormones secreted by tumour cells
  • Enzymes involved in tumour cell metabolism
  • Toxins released by tumour cells into the bloodstream

    • How can tumour antigens be used for therapeutic purposes?

  • To enhance bacterial growth
  • As targets for effective anti-cancer therapies (correct)
  • To reduce inflammation in the body
  • To regulate immune response in autoimmune diseases

    • What can result in neoplastic transformation according to the text?

  • Exposure to high levels of oxygen
  • Genetic alterations in proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes (correct)
  • Infection with certain bacteria
  • Overexpression of normal genes

    • How can tumour antigens be detected in the body?

    <p>Tumour antigens released into the bloodstream allow noninvasive detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism allows effector cells to recognize and kill tumour cells through ADCC?

    <p>Antitumour antibodies binding to NK cells or macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a strategy of evasion employed by tumour cells?

    <p>Selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mechanism used by tumour cells to inhibit tumour immunity?

    <p>Tumour cells secreting immunosuppressive factors such as TGF-β and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a goal of immunotherapeutic strategies?

    <p>Providing the patient with mature effector cells or antibodies that recognize and destroy tumours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are LAK cells?

    <p>Antitumour lymphocytes generated in vitro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a method attempted to stimulate active immunity against tumour cells?

    <p>Administration of cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Oncept Il-2 used for?

    <p>Immunotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens aim to do?

    <p>Carry substances directly to a tumour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the

    <p>Stimulating active immunity against tumour cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of TGF-β and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase in tumour immunotherapy?

    <p>Inhibiting tumour immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vaccination with tumour antigens?

    <p>Stimulating active immunity against tumour cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumour antigens are recognized by CD8+ T cells?

    <p>Cytoplasmic proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a tumour antigen?

    <p>Mutated RAS proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a tumour antigen produced by an oncogenic virus?

    <p>FOCMA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of oncofoetal antigens?

    <p>Serve as tumour markers but not provoke protective immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a tumour antigen?

    <p>Gangliosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do tumours express that can be targeted for immunotherapy?

    <p>Cell type-specific differentiation antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of the immune response to cancer?

    <p>Elimination, equilibrium, and escape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dominant antitumour mechanism correlated with better prognosis in various cancers?

    <p>Cytotoxic T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are capable of destroying tumour cells without prior sensitization?

    <p>NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates macrophages to kill tumour cells?

    <p>IFN-γ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do B lymphocytes kill tumour cells?

    <p>By activating a local complement cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of tumour antigens released into the bloodstream?

    <p>Allow noninvasive detection of tumours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using antibodies against tumour-restricted antigens in combination with sophisticated imaging techniques?

    <p>Localise tumours and detect metastases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of tumour antigens that can serve as the target of effective anti-cancer therapies?

    <p>They are products of mutated genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between neoplastic transformation and genetic alterations in proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes?

    <p>Genetic alterations in these genes result in neoplastic transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an oncofoetal antigen?

    <p>Tyrosinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a tumour antigen produced by an oncogenic virus?

    <p>Feline-oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cell type-specific differentiation antigen?

    <p>CD20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune response stage involves the activation of macrophages to kill tumour cells?

    <p>Elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells are capable of destroying tumour cells without prior sensitization?

    <p>NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells can incite both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses against tumour antigens?

    <p>B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common method attempted to stimulate active immunity against tumour cells?

    <p>Vaccination with tumour antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of oncofoetal antigens?

    <p>Serve as tumour markers but not provoke protective immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a goal of immunotherapeutic strategies?

    <p>Enhance the body's immune response against tumour cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism used by tumour cells to inhibit tumour immunity?

    <p>Production of immunosuppressive cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a tumour antigen?

    <p>Gangliosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be targeted for immunotherapy?

    <p>CD20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a strategy of evasion employed by tumour cells?

    <p>Selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Oncept Il-2 in tumour immunotherapy?

    <p>Stimulate the immune response against feline injection site sarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of TGF-β in tumour immunotherapy?

    <p>Inhibit the immune response against tumours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of LAK cells in tumour immunotherapy?

    <p>Destroy tumour cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dominant antitumour mechanism correlated with better prognosis in various cancers?

    <p>Enhanced expression of MHC molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vaccination with tumour antigens?

    <p>Stimulate active immunity against tumour cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows effector cells to recognize and kill tumour cells through ADCC?

    <p>Binding of antitumour antibodies to NK cells or macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens?

    <p>Recognize and destroy tumours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of the immune response to cancer?

    <p>Antigen presentation, immune cell activation, tumour cell destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a method attempted to stimulate active immunity against tumour cells?

    <p>Vaccination with tumour antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of immunotherapeutic strategies in tumour therapy?

    <p>Provide mature effector cells or antibodies to recognize and destroy tumours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'cancer vaccine' for canine malignant melanoma?

    <p>Destroy tumour cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tumour Antigens and Antitumour Effector Mechanisms

    • Tumour antigens can be cytoplasmic proteins recognized by CD8+ T cells or aberrantly expressed cellular proteins recognized by CD4+ T cells.
    • Examples of tumour antigens include mutates RAS proteins, mutated p53, tyrosinase, cancer-testis antigens, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA).
    • Tumour antigens can also be produced by oncogenic viruses like Feline-oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA).
    • Oncofoetal antigens are expressed in cancer cells and normal foetal tissues, serving as tumour markers but not provoking protective immunity.
    • Altered cell surface glycolipids and glycoproteins, like gangliosides and mucins, are also considered tumour antigens.
    • Tumours express cell type-specific differentiation antigens, such as CD20, which can be targeted for immunotherapy.
    • The immune response to cancer goes through three stages: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
    • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are the dominant antitumour mechanism, correlated with better prognosis in various cancers.
    • NK cells are capable of destroying tumour cells without prior sensitization, activating apoptosis in the target cell.
    • Macrophages may collaborate in antitumour reactivity, as IFN-γ, secreted by T cells and NK cells, activates them to kill tumour cells.
    • B lymphocytes can incite both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses against tumour antigens, killing tumour cells by activating a local complement cascade.

    Tumour Immunotherapy and Evasion of the Immune Response

    • Antitumour antibodies can bind to NK cells or macrophages, allowing effector cells to recognize and kill tumour cells through ADCC.
    • Tumour cells develop mechanisms to escape the immune system in immunocompetent hosts.
    • Strategies of evasion include selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants and loss or reduced expression of MHC molecules.
    • Activation of immunoregulatory pathways by tumour cells can inhibit tumour immunity.
    • Tumour cells secrete immunosuppressive factors such as TGF-β and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase.
    • Tumour antigens on the cell surface may be hidden from the immune system through antigen masking.
    • Tumour therapy currently relies on chemotherapeutic inhibition of cell division and immunotherapy.
    • Immunotherapeutic strategies aim to provide the patient with mature effector cells or antibodies that recognize and destroy tumours.
    • Monoclonal antibodies raised against tumour antigens may be used alone or engineered to carry substances directly to a tumour.
    • Antitumour lymphocytes generated in vitro, called LAK cells, are readministered to the patient.
    • Various approaches to stimulate active immunity against tumour cells have been attempted, including vaccination with tumour antigens and administration of cytokines.
    • Novel products like Oncept Il-2 for feline injection site sarcoma and the "cancer vaccine" for canine malignant melanoma have been introduced for immunotherapy.

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    Related Documents

    Cancer Immunology Notes (PDF)

    Description

    Test your knowledge of tumour antigens and antitumour effector mechanisms with this quiz. Explore the various types of tumour antigens, immune responses to cancer, and the role of different immune cells in fighting tumour cells.

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