Tumors and Cell Growth: Malignant vs Benign

Benign tumors resemble the tissue of origin and are well-differentiated.
Growth is slow and progressive, and cells remain localized and well-demarcated from surrounding tissue.
Benign tumors are not invasive and do not metastasize.
Malignant tumors range from well to poorly differentiated, not resembling the tissue of origin.
Growth is erratic.
Malignant tumors are invasive and destroy surrounding tissue.
They lack adhesion and easily metastasize via lymphatic or bloodstream.

Apoptosis is genetically programmed cell death.
Examples include ovarian apoptosis in menopause and WBC apoptosis during inflammatory reactions.
Failure in apoptosis can result in certain cancers or detrimental hyperplastic cell changes.
Excessive apoptosis can cause diseases like spinal muscular atrophy.

Atrophy: Reduction in cell size due to disuse, lack of stimulation, or decreased blood flow.
Hyperplasia: Increased number of cells (may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic). Examples include benign prostatic hypertrophy.
Hypertrophy: Increased cell size, often due to an increased workload, as seen in cardiac hypertrophy.
Metaplasia: Reversible replacement of specialized cells with another type in response to injury or stress.

Pathophysiology: The study of the process of disease.
Roles of the nurse: Include prevention, early detection, minimizing the impact of illness.
Sign: Objective, measurable indicators of disease (can be detected even if the patient is unconscious).
Symptom: Subjective experiences of disease (only the patient can describe them).
Etiology: Factors that initiate a disease process.
Pathogenesis: Sequence of cellular and tissue events starting from exposure to the etiologic agent to the manifestation of the disease.
Idiopathic: When the cause is unknown.
Risk Factors: Conditions or exposures that increase the chance of contracting a particular disease.
Disease: Interruption or cessation of normal body function.
Illness: Subjective experience of disease.
Prognosis: Prediction of a disease's outcome.
Sequelae: Harmful results or later conditions related to a disease.
Complications: New problems due to the original disease.
Morbidity: Number of ill people per 100,000.
Mortality: Number of people who died per 100,000.
Incidence: Number of new cases.
Epidemic: Rapid increase in incidence in a certain location.

Alcohol is a teratogen, causing retarded physical growth, intellectual disabilities, cardiac defects, and musculoskeletal abnormalities in infants.
FAS infants often have smaller heads, lower nasal bridges, thin upper lips, and flat midfaces.
FAS causes lifelong problems including poor coordination and cognitive deficits.

Nonspecific immunity: (Innate) First line of defense, a succession of barriers (skin, mucous membranes, body secretions), and internal responses (inflammation).
Specific immunity: (Adaptive) Final line of defense, acting against particular antigens; involves B and T cells and antibody production.

Autoimmune diseases occur when the body's immune system improperly attacks healthy cells, tissues, or organs.
Examples include HIV, hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency).
Hyperfunction syndromes like Graves' Disease can also result from an autoimmune process, stimulating the thyroid to excessively produce hormones.

Cushing's syndrome is an endocrine disorder due to excessive cortisol secretion; Cushing's disease has a pituitary tumor as that cause.
Primary: Excessive cortisol from adrenal glands
Secondary: Excessive ACTH from pituitary, causing excessive cortisol secretion.
Symptoms: weight gain, particularly around the face and abdomen, moon face, buffalo hump, and thin skin.

Cardinal signs of inflammation: redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), loss of function.
Laboratory tests indicative of inflammation include CRP and ESR.
Inflammatory response purpose: prepare the injured area for healing; involves leukocytes, nutrients and clotting factors to remove debris, and growth factors to support healing.

Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are essential for various bodily functions.

Ketosis refers to a buildup of ketone bodies when the body lacks sufficient glucose and burns fat for energy.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a potentially life-threatening complication resulting from insufficient insulin leading to ketone buildup.

Respiratory: Acidosis results from CO2 retention (e.g., COPD, pneumonia), while alkalosis results from excessive CO2 loss (e.g., hyperventilation, anxiety).
Metabolic: Acidosis results from increased acid production or bicarbonate loss, while alkalosis results from bicarbonate gain or acid loss. These imbalances are often compensated by the respiratory or renal systems.

Hypoxia: Deficiency of oxygen.
Cyanosis: Bluish coloration of skin and mucous membranes due to low blood oxygen.
Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar.
Hyperglycemia: High blood sugar.

Stages: Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
Factors affecting healing: Oxygenation, circulation, hydration, nutrition, age, and immunity.
Macrophages: Crucial in dissolving clots, clearing debris, and stimulating tissue regeneration.
Primary/Secondary intention are based on the extent of tissue damage and whether the edges of the wound are approximated.