Tuberculosis Treatment and Types
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reservoir of COVID-19?

  • Bats and intermediate animal hosts (correct)
  • Open food markets
  • Pangolin
  • Humans

    • Which of the following is NOT a transmission method of COVID-19?

  • Non-living droplet transmission
  • Vector-borne (correct)
  • Zoonotic
  • Fomites

    • What is the name of the coronavirus responsible for MERS?

  • SARS-CoV-2
  • SARS-CoV
  • COVID-19
  • MERS-CoV (correct)

    • What is the name of the disease caused by SARS-CoV-1?

    <p>SARS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>COVID-19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to prevent COVID-19?

    <p>Wash hands frequently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rank of Tuberculosis in terms of death from infectious diseases worldwide?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of people who develop Tuberculosis annually?

    <p>10 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of strains are resistant to second-line drugs?

    <p>XDR strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem with the BCG vaccine?

    <p>It gives false positives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the spikes of the influenza virus?

    <p>They change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the world's population has Latent Tuberculosis?

    <p>1/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of people who die annually from Tuberculosis?

    <p>2 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir of influenza?

    <p>Humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of pneumonia caused by a virus?

    <p>Atypical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate of influenza?

    <p>&lt; 1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is most at high risk for influenza?

    <p>Infants and elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the composition of the influenza vaccine change annually?

    <p>To keep up with the changing strains of the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir of the Rubeola virus?

    <p>Humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major mode of transmission of Measles?

    <p>Droplet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period of Measles?

    <p>10-12 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic rash of Measles?

    <p>Flat, red spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevention method for Measles?

    <p>Monovalent measles vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of Measles?

    <p>Viral Encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of virus that causes Rubella?

    <p>Non-enveloped, ss RNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the discrete macular rash in Rubella?

    <p>3-5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Rubella?

    <p>Droplet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period of Rubella?

    <p>2-3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complication of Congenital Rubella Syndrome?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevention method for Rubella?

    <p>MMR vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the rash in Rubella?

    <p>Discrete, flat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnosis method for Rubella?

    <p>Based on serological tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of infection with Rubella?

    <p>Life-long immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Rubella and Measles?

    <p>Type of rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hemolysis is characterized by a clear zone on blood agar?

    <p>β hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Streptococcus pyogenes?

    <p>Produces β hemolysin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hyaluronidase in Streptococcus pyogenes?

    <p>To dissolve connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Streptococcal Pharyngitis?

    <p>Inflammation of the throat and tonsils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnosis method for Streptococcal Pharyngitis?

    <p>Rapid antigen detection tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevention method for Streptococcal Pharyngitis?

    <p>Practicing good respiratory hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a verulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes?

    <p>Capsules and M proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Streptokinase on blood?

    <p>Dissolves blood clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir of COVID-19?

    <p>Animals (bats, intermediate animal hosts)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transmission method of COVID-19?

    <p>Zoonotic, non-living droplet transmission, fomites, and object airborne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by MERS-CoV?

    <p>MERS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location where COVID-19 was first detected?

    <p>Open food markets in Wuhan, China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19?

    <p>SARS-CoV-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pangolin in COVID-19?

    <p>Intermediate animal host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vaccines in COVID-19 prevention?

    <p>To prevent COVID-19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of washing hands frequently in COVID-19 prevention?

    <p>To prevent transmission through contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of fluid accumulation at the level of alveoli in Pneumococcal Pneumonia?

    <p>Interferes with gas exchange in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13 or Prevnar 13)?

    <p>To protect against 13 strains of Pneumococcal Pneumonia based on capsule structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the bacterium that causes Tuberculosis?

    <p>Obligate aerobe that requires oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Acid-fast stain required for the diagnosis of Tuberculosis?

    <p>Because Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a waxy lipid, mycolic acid, in its cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age group that is most susceptible to Pneumococcal Pneumonia due to a poor immune system?

    <p>Infants and the elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of α hemolysin on blood agar?

    <p>Incomplete lysis of RBCs, resulting in a green zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Pneumococcal Pneumonia?

    <p>Antibiotics such as Penicillin, for gram-positive bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

    <p>Fungus-like growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of mycolic acid in bacteria?

    <p>To inhibit the digestive enzymes of lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a macrophage dying and releasing pathogens?

    <p>The spread of pathogens to other parts of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Mycobacterium staining?

    <p>It stains pink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which alveolar macrophages engulf inhaled bacteria?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when a tubercle does not rupture?

    <p>The disease process stops, and the bacteria remain dormant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the formation of a tubercle?

    <p>They surround and isolate the bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the inflammatory response caused by mycolic acid?

    <p>The formation of a tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a tubercle lesion?

    <p>It is too full of TB bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Rubeola virus?

    <p>It has spikes and is an enveloped, ss RNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of the Koplik spots?

    <p>Oral mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the monovalent measles vaccine?

    <p>To prevent only Measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the incubation period of Measles?

    <p>10-12 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complication of Measles in 1 out of 1000 cases?

    <p>Encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of Measles?

    <p>Inhalation of the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical order of the rash in Measles?

    <p>Face, neck, trunk, extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the vaccine that prevents Measles, Mumps, and Rubella?

    <p>MMR vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of Bordetella pertussis?

    <p>Oval, very short rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the influenza virus?

    <p>It has eight RNA segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the capsule produced by Bordetella pertussis?

    <p>To attach to ciliated cells in the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the HA and NA spikes in the influenza virus?

    <p>To facilitate the entry of the virus into host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical time between infection and the appearance of symptoms for Pertussis?

    <p>5-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of antigenic variation in the influenza virus?

    <p>The immune system has difficulty recognizing the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Typical and Atypical Pneumonia?

    <p>Type of microbe that causes the infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the influenza virus undergoes genetic recombination?

    <p>Hybridization of human and non-human virus spikes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of Pneumococcal Pneumonia?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the capsule produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

    <p>To prevent phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a hybrid virus?

    <p>HSWNHK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of influenza viruses based on?

    <p>Type of capsomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical mode of transmission of Pertussis?

    <p>Through airborne droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the protein spikes in the influenza virus?

    <p>To facilitate the entry of the virus into host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the DTaP and TDaP vaccines?

    <p>To prevent Pertussis infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of antigenic variation in the influenza virus?

    <p>The immune system has difficulty destroying the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a tubercle rupturing?

    <p>The pathogen gets released and spreads to the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a latent TB infection?

    <p>The pathogen stays local and does not spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symptoms of a systemic TB infection?

    <p>Persistent low-grade fever, night sweats, weight loss, and weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of Miliary Tuberculosis?

    <p>In the liver, lungs, nervous system, and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of alveolar damage?

    <p>Bloody cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of Tuberculosis?

    <p>Through airborne transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a local and systemic TB infection?

    <p>Local TB stays in the lungs, while systemic TB spreads to other parts of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a monocyte detecting a pathogen in the alveoli?

    <p>The monocyte goes into the alveoli to fight the infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why SARS-CoV-2 variants are of great concern?

    <p>Due to their high mutation rate of the protein spikes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the influenza anti-viral drug that is inhaled?

    <p>Zanamivir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential cause of most flu pandemics?

    <p>Influenza Type A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the coronavirus disease that was previously known as 2019 Novel Coronavirus?

    <p>COVID-19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the virus that causes COVID-19?

    <p>Single-stranded RNA, enveloped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many deaths occur annually in the United States due to influenza Type A?

    <p>3,000 to 50,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the anti-viral drug that is effective against Influenza Type A if taken within 30 hours of symptom onset?

    <p>Oseltamivir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevention method for influenza mentioned in the text?

    <p>Nasal spray flu vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age group affected by chickenpox?

    <p>Children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period of chickenpox?

    <p>10-21 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the rash in chickenpox?

    <p>Raised and fluid-filled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the vaccine used to prevent chickenpox?

    <p>Varicella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common complication of chickenpox in children?

    <p>Brain dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the scab falling off after chickenpox?

    <p>A pitted scar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by the reactivation of the Varicella-Zoster virus?

    <p>Shingles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location where the Varicella-Zoster virus becomes latent?

    <p>Central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

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