Tuberculosis Treatment and Types
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reservoir of COVID-19?

  • Bats and intermediate animal hosts (correct)
  • Open food markets
  • Pangolin
  • Humans

Which of the following is NOT a transmission method of COVID-19?

  • Non-living droplet transmission
  • Vector-borne (correct)
  • Zoonotic
  • Fomites

What is the name of the coronavirus responsible for MERS?

  • SARS-CoV-2
  • SARS-CoV
  • COVID-19
  • MERS-CoV (correct)

What is the name of the disease caused by SARS-CoV-1?

<p>SARS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2?

<p>COVID-19 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to prevent COVID-19?

<p>Wash hands frequently (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rank of Tuberculosis in terms of death from infectious diseases worldwide?

<p>1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of people who develop Tuberculosis annually?

<p>10 million (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of strains are resistant to second-line drugs?

<p>XDR strains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the problem with the BCG vaccine?

<p>It gives false positives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the spikes of the influenza virus?

<p>They change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the world's population has Latent Tuberculosis?

<p>1/3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of people who die annually from Tuberculosis?

<p>2 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reservoir of influenza?

<p>Humans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of pneumonia caused by a virus?

<p>Atypical (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mortality rate of influenza?

<p>&lt; 1% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is most at high risk for influenza?

<p>Infants and elderly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the composition of the influenza vaccine change annually?

<p>To keep up with the changing strains of the virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reservoir of the Rubeola virus?

<p>Humans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major mode of transmission of Measles?

<p>Droplet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period of Measles?

<p>10-12 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic rash of Measles?

<p>Flat, red spots (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevention method for Measles?

<p>Monovalent measles vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of Measles?

<p>Viral Encephalitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of virus that causes Rubella?

<p>Non-enveloped, ss RNA virus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the discrete macular rash in Rubella?

<p>3-5 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Rubella?

<p>Droplet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period of Rubella?

<p>2-3 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the complication of Congenital Rubella Syndrome?

<p>All of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevention method for Rubella?

<p>MMR vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the rash in Rubella?

<p>Discrete, flat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnosis method for Rubella?

<p>Based on serological tests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of infection with Rubella?

<p>Life-long immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Rubella and Measles?

<p>Type of rash (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hemolysis is characterized by a clear zone on blood agar?

<p>β hemolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Streptococcus pyogenes?

<p>Produces β hemolysin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hyaluronidase in Streptococcus pyogenes?

<p>To dissolve connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Streptococcal Pharyngitis?

<p>Inflammation of the throat and tonsils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnosis method for Streptococcal Pharyngitis?

<p>Rapid antigen detection tests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevention method for Streptococcal Pharyngitis?

<p>Practicing good respiratory hygiene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a verulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes?

<p>Capsules and M proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Streptokinase on blood?

<p>Dissolves blood clots (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reservoir of COVID-19?

<p>Animals (bats, intermediate animal hosts) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the transmission method of COVID-19?

<p>Zoonotic, non-living droplet transmission, fomites, and object airborne (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease caused by MERS-CoV?

<p>MERS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location where COVID-19 was first detected?

<p>Open food markets in Wuhan, China (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19?

<p>SARS-CoV-2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pangolin in COVID-19?

<p>Intermediate animal host (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of vaccines in COVID-19 prevention?

<p>To prevent COVID-19 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of washing hands frequently in COVID-19 prevention?

<p>To prevent transmission through contact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of fluid accumulation at the level of alveoli in Pneumococcal Pneumonia?

<p>Interferes with gas exchange in the lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13 or Prevnar 13)?

<p>To protect against 13 strains of Pneumococcal Pneumonia based on capsule structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the bacterium that causes Tuberculosis?

<p>Obligate aerobe that requires oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Acid-fast stain required for the diagnosis of Tuberculosis?

<p>Because Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a waxy lipid, mycolic acid, in its cell wall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the age group that is most susceptible to Pneumococcal Pneumonia due to a poor immune system?

<p>Infants and the elderly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of α hemolysin on blood agar?

<p>Incomplete lysis of RBCs, resulting in a green zone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Pneumococcal Pneumonia?

<p>Antibiotics such as Penicillin, for gram-positive bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

<p>Fungus-like growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of mycolic acid in bacteria?

<p>To inhibit the digestive enzymes of lysosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a macrophage dying and releasing pathogens?

<p>The spread of pathogens to other parts of the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Mycobacterium staining?

<p>It stains pink (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which alveolar macrophages engulf inhaled bacteria?

<p>Phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when a tubercle does not rupture?

<p>The disease process stops, and the bacteria remain dormant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of macrophages in the formation of a tubercle?

<p>They surround and isolate the bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the inflammatory response caused by mycolic acid?

<p>The formation of a tubercle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a tubercle lesion?

<p>It is too full of TB bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the Rubeola virus?

<p>It has spikes and is an enveloped, ss RNA virus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of the Koplik spots?

<p>Oral mucosa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the monovalent measles vaccine?

<p>To prevent only Measles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the incubation period of Measles?

<p>10-12 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the complication of Measles in 1 out of 1000 cases?

<p>Encephalitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of Measles?

<p>Inhalation of the virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical order of the rash in Measles?

<p>Face, neck, trunk, extremities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vaccine that prevents Measles, Mumps, and Rubella?

<p>MMR vaccine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of Bordetella pertussis?

<p>Oval, very short rod (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the influenza virus?

<p>It has eight RNA segments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the capsule produced by Bordetella pertussis?

<p>To attach to ciliated cells in the trachea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the HA and NA spikes in the influenza virus?

<p>To facilitate the entry of the virus into host cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical time between infection and the appearance of symptoms for Pertussis?

<p>5-10 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of antigenic variation in the influenza virus?

<p>The immune system has difficulty recognizing the virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Typical and Atypical Pneumonia?

<p>Type of microbe that causes the infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the influenza virus undergoes genetic recombination?

<p>Hybridization of human and non-human virus spikes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent of Pneumococcal Pneumonia?

<p>Streptococcus pneumoniae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the capsule produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

<p>To prevent phagocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a hybrid virus?

<p>HSWNHK (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of influenza viruses based on?

<p>Type of capsomere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical mode of transmission of Pertussis?

<p>Through airborne droplets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the protein spikes in the influenza virus?

<p>To facilitate the entry of the virus into host cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the DTaP and TDaP vaccines?

<p>To prevent Pertussis infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of antigenic variation in the influenza virus?

<p>The immune system has difficulty destroying the virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a tubercle rupturing?

<p>The pathogen gets released and spreads to the bloodstream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a latent TB infection?

<p>The pathogen stays local and does not spread (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the symptoms of a systemic TB infection?

<p>Persistent low-grade fever, night sweats, weight loss, and weakness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of Miliary Tuberculosis?

<p>In the liver, lungs, nervous system, and bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of alveolar damage?

<p>Bloody cough (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of Tuberculosis?

<p>Through airborne transmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a local and systemic TB infection?

<p>Local TB stays in the lungs, while systemic TB spreads to other parts of the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a monocyte detecting a pathogen in the alveoli?

<p>The monocyte goes into the alveoli to fight the infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why SARS-CoV-2 variants are of great concern?

<p>Due to their high mutation rate of the protein spikes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the influenza anti-viral drug that is inhaled?

<p>Zanamivir (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential cause of most flu pandemics?

<p>Influenza Type A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the coronavirus disease that was previously known as 2019 Novel Coronavirus?

<p>COVID-19 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the virus that causes COVID-19?

<p>Single-stranded RNA, enveloped (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many deaths occur annually in the United States due to influenza Type A?

<p>3,000 to 50,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the anti-viral drug that is effective against Influenza Type A if taken within 30 hours of symptom onset?

<p>Oseltamivir (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevention method for influenza mentioned in the text?

<p>Nasal spray flu vaccine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age group affected by chickenpox?

<p>Children (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period of chickenpox?

<p>10-21 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the rash in chickenpox?

<p>Raised and fluid-filled (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vaccine used to prevent chickenpox?

<p>Varicella (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common complication of chickenpox in children?

<p>Brain dysfunction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the scab falling off after chickenpox?

<p>A pitted scar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease caused by the reactivation of the Varicella-Zoster virus?

<p>Shingles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location where the Varicella-Zoster virus becomes latent?

<p>Central nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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