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Questions and Answers
Treatment of latent (asymptomatic) infections consists of INH taken for 6 to 9 months or INH plus ______ for 3 months.
rifapentine
Strains of M.tuberculosis resistant to multiple drugs (MDR strains) have emerged, primarily in ______ patients.
AIDS
Bedaquiline was approved for the treatment of ______ strains.
MDR
It should be used in combination with other drugs, not as ______.
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Tubercle bacilli are sensitive to ______
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Strains of M.tuberculosis resistant to the main antimycobacterial drug, isoniazid, as well as strains resistant to multiple antibiotics called multidrug-resistant (MDR strains), have become a worldwide ______
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Mycobacterium bovis also causes tuberculosis in ______
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Most cases of tuberculosis are associated with reactivation in elderly, malnourished ______
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Immunization with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine can cause a positive test, but the reactions are usually only 5 to 10 mm and tend to decrease with time. People with PPD reactions of 15 mm or more are assumed to be infected with M.______ even if they have received the BCG vaccine. Laboratory Diagnosis IGRA assay, blood cells from the patient are exposed to antigens from M., and the amount of interferon-γ released from the cells is measured. The sensitivity and specificity of the IGRA are as good as those of the PPD skin test. Because the antigens used in the test are specific for M. and are not present in BCG, the test is not influenced by whether a person has been previously immunized with the BCG vaccine. 6- chest X-ray Note that the IGRA and PPD tests are positive in both latent disease and in active ______, so any person with a positive test must be evaluated for the presence of active disease by obtaining a chest X-ray and a sputum sample. Treatment & Resistance Isoniazid (INH), a bactericidal drug Multidrug therapy is used to prevent the emergence of drug- resistant mutants during the long (6- to 9-months) duration of treatment. (Organisms that become resistant to one drug will be inhibited by the other.) Treatment & Resistance Treatment for most patients with pulmonary ______ is with three drugs: INH, rifampin, and pyrazinamide. INH and rifampin are given for 6 months, but pyrazinamide treatment is stopped after 2 months.
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Immunization with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine can cause a positive test, but the reactions are usually only 5 to 10 mm and tend to decrease with time. People with PPD reactions of 15 mm or more are assumed to be infected with M.tuberculosis even if they have received the BCG vaccine. Laboratory Diagnosis IGRA assay, blood cells from the patient are exposed to antigens from M.tuberculosis, and the amount of interferon-γ released from the cells is measured. The sensitivity and specificity of the IGRA are as good as those of the PPD skin test. Because the antigens used in the test are specific for M.tuberculosis and are not present in BCG, the test is not influenced by whether a person has been previously immunized with the BCG vaccine. 6- chest X-ray Note that the IGRA and PPD tests are positive in both latent disease and in active tuberculosis, so any person with a positive test must be evaluated for the presence of active disease by obtaining a chest X-ray and a sputum sample. Treatment & Resistance Isoniazid (______), a bactericidal drug Multidrug therapy is used to prevent the emergence of drug- resistant mutants during the long (6- to 9-months) duration of treatment. (Organisms that become resistant to one drug will be inhibited by the other.) Treatment & Resistance Treatment for most patients with pulmonary tuberculosis is with three drugs: ______, rifampin, and pyrazinamide. ______ and rifampin are given for 6 months, but pyrazinamide treatment is stopped after 2 months.
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Immunization with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine can cause a positive test, but the reactions are usually only 5 to 10 mm and tend to decrease with time. People with PPD reactions of 15 mm or more are assumed to be infected with M.tuberculosis even if they have received the BCG vaccine. Laboratory Diagnosis IGRA assay, blood cells from the patient are exposed to antigens from M.tuberculosis, and the amount of interferon-γ released from the cells is measured. The sensitivity and specificity of the IGRA are as good as those of the PPD skin test. Because the antigens used in the test are specific for M.tuberculosis and are not present in BCG, the test is not influenced by whether a person has been previously immunized with the BCG vaccine. 6- chest X-ray Note that the IGRA and PPD tests are positive in both latent disease and in active tuberculosis, so any person with a positive test must be evaluated for the presence of active disease by obtaining a chest X-ray and a sputum sample. Treatment & Resistance Isoniazid (INH), a bactericidal drug Multidrug therapy is used to prevent the emergence of drug- resistant mutants during the long (6- to 9-months) duration of treatment. (Organisms that become resistant to one drug will be inhibited by the other.) Treatment & Resistance Treatment for most patients with pulmonary tuberculosis is with three drugs: INH, ______, and pyrazinamide. INH and ______ are given for 6 months, but pyrazinamide treatment is stopped after 2 months.
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Immunization with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine can cause a positive test, but the reactions are usually only 5 to 10 mm and tend to decrease with time. People with PPD reactions of 15 mm or more are assumed to be infected with M.tuberculosis even if they have received the BCG vaccine. Laboratory Diagnosis IGRA assay, blood cells from the patient are exposed to antigens from M.tuberculosis, and the amount of interferon-γ released from the cells is measured. The sensitivity and specificity of the IGRA are as good as those of the PPD skin test. Because the antigens used in the test are specific for M.tuberculosis and are not present in BCG, the test is not influenced by whether a person has been previously immunized with the BCG vaccine. 6- chest X-ray Note that the IGRA and PPD tests are positive in both latent disease and in active tuberculosis, so any person with a positive test must be evaluated for the presence of active disease by obtaining a chest X-ray and a sputum sample. Treatment & Resistance Isoniazid (INH), a bactericidal drug Multidrug therapy is used to prevent the emergence of drug- resistant mutants during the long (6- to 9-months) duration of treatment. (Organisms that become resistant to one drug will be inhibited by the other.) Treatment & Resistance Treatment for most patients with pulmonary tuberculosis is with three drugs: INH, rifampin, and ______. INH and rifampin are given for 6 months, but ______ treatment is stopped after 2 months.
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