Tuberculosis: Transmission and Treatment
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

  • Contact with infected surfaces
  • Consumption of contaminated food
  • Blood transfusions
  • Inhalation of aerosol droplet nuclei (correct)

Which demographic is significantly affected by co-infection with M.tuberculosis?

  • HIV-infected population (correct)
  • Logistics workers
  • Elderly individuals
  • Children under five

What is the initial phase of primary tuberculosis characterized by?

  • Absence of inflammatory response
  • Systemic spread of bacteria
  • Infection through oral ingestion
  • Lesions in the mid-lung periphery (correct)

What is a defining feature of the cell walls of mycobacteria?

<p>They contain a high percentage of lipids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge in the treatment of tuberculosis?

<p>Emergence of drug-resistant strains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

<p>Tuberculosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a principal drug used in the treatment of M.tuberculosis?

<p>Metronidazole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of mycobacteria makes them resistant to drying?

<p>The composition of their cell walls. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is commonly employed for diagnosing active pulmonary tuberculosis?

<p>Nucleic acid amplification PCR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach could improve patient compliance during tuberculosis treatment?

<p>Directly observed therapy (DOT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is the generation time for most mycobacterial species?

<p>8 to 24 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which regions has tuberculosis incidence significantly increased?

<p>Asian and sub-Saharan African countries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary environmental condition required for the growth of mycobacteria?

<p>Oxygen-rich environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lesions are typically formed due to mycobacterial infections?

<p>Granulomatous lesions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What staining characteristic is associated with mycobacteria?

<p>Acid-fast staining (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of mycobacteria?

<p>They can form spores. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organism used to produce the vaccine against tuberculosis?

<p>Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes leprosy?

<p>A chronic granulomatous condition of peripheral nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria is Actinomycetes classified as?

<p>Filamentous, branching, gram-positive prokaryotes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical presentation of nocardiosis in humans?

<p>Pneumonia with abscesses and extensive necrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chlamydia trachomatis is primarily responsible for causing which of the following conditions?

<p>Nongonococcal urethritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Nocardia with respect to transmission?

<p>They cause diseases primarily through environmental exposure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the nature of Chlamydia as bacteria?

<p>They are obligate intracellular parasites. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species of Chlamydia is known to cause atypical pneumonia?

<p>Chlamydia pneumoniae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Chlamydia species is known to cause the syndrome non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)?

<p>Chlamydia Trachomatis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease does Chlamydia Psittaci primarily cause in humans?

<p>Psittacosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible severe complications of an infection caused by Chlamydia Psittaci?

<p>Hepatitis, encephalitis, or myocarditis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Chlamydia species is a significant cause of community-acquired respiratory infection?

<p>Chlamydia Pneumoniae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of primary stage syphilis?

<p>Hard genital or oral ulcer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long after infection does the chancre typically appear?

<p>3 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly associated with infections caused by Chlamydia Pneumoniae?

<p>Hacking dry cough (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical significance does trachoma have?

<p>Mentioned in Egyptian writings around 3800 B.C. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage of syphilis may cause conditions such as hepatitis or meningitis?

<p>Secondary stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is curative for primary and secondary syphilis?

<p>Penicillin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of mycoplasmas?

<p>Contains peptidoglycan cell walls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is known to cause Q fever?

<p>Coxiella burnetii (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of infected individuals may progress to the tertiary stage of syphilis?

<p>30% to 40% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of congenital syphilis for the infant?

<p>CNS and structural abnormalities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is usually used for serological diagnosis of syphilis?

<p>Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can prevent congenital syphilis during pregnancy?

<p>Treatment with appropriate antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of DNA do Borrelia species possess?

<p>Linear plasmid DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for transmission of B. burgdorferi to occur via ticks?

<p>The tick must be attached for at least 24 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic lesion associated with the first stage of Lyme disease?

<p>Red, circular lesion with a clear center (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system does L. interrogans primarily affect after initial infection?

<p>Central nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is leptospirosis primarily transmitted to humans?

<p>By water or food contaminated with animal urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is NOT typically associated with leptospirosis?

<p>Sepsis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct about Treponema pallidum?

<p>There is no vaccine against T. pallidum. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary reservoirs are associated with B. burgdorferi?

<p>Mice and small rodents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mycobacteria

A type of bacteria characterized by a thick, waxy cell wall, making them difficult to stain using traditional methods.

Acid-fast staining

A staining technique that differentiates bacteria based on their cell wall composition. Mycobacteria retain the stain even after being treated with acidified solvents.

Mycobacterial morphology

Long, slender rods of bacteria that don't move on their own and don't form spores.

Mycolic acids

Unique long-chain fatty acids found in the cell walls of mycobacteria, contributing to their waxy nature and resistance to staining.

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Mycobacterial resistance

The tendency of mycobacteria to resist drying, but remain sensitive to heat and UV radiation.

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Strict aerobic growth

Mycobacteria primarily thrive in oxygen-rich environments.

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Slow growth rate

The time it takes for mycobacteria to double in number, typically ranging from 8 to 24 hours.

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Clumped growth

The tendency of Mycobacteria to grow in clumps due to their hydrophobic cell surface.

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Tuberculosis (TB)

A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The bacterium responsible for causing tuberculosis, a common infectious disease.

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Primary tuberculosis

The initial stage of tuberculosis infection, often characterized by a localized inflammatory response in the lungs.

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Disseminated tuberculosis

An infection that occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis spreads throughout the body, often through the bloodstream.

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Latent tuberculosis infection

A state of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis where the bacteria remains dormant and does not cause symptoms. However, the individual can potentially transmit the infection to others.

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Latent TB chemotherapy

Treating individuals with latent TB infection to prevent it from becoming active.

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Directly Observed Therapy (DOT)

A strategy where healthcare workers directly observe patients taking their tuberculosis medications to ensure adherence to treatment.

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Multi-drug therapy for tuberculosis

A common treatment strategy for tuberculosis where multiple drugs are administered simultaneously to target the bacteria from different angles and prevent resistance.

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Leprosy

A chronic granulomatous disease primarily affecting peripheral nerves and mucous membranes, particularly the nasal mucosa. It is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and spreads through prolonged skin contact.

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Actinomycetes

A group of filamentous bacteria that are often found in soil and have branching structures. While they resemble fungi, they are actually bacteria.

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Chlamydia

A genus of bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites, meaning they can only survive and reproduce inside the cells of other organisms. They are known for causing a variety of infections, including those affecting the genitourinary tract, eyes, and respiratory system.

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Nocardia

A type of bacterium that is commonly found in soil and is responsible for causing nocardiosis, an infection that can affect the lungs, brain, and skin.

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BCG Vaccine

A type of vaccine used to protect against tuberculosis. It is made from Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) bacteria.

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Lepromatous Leprosy

A type of leprosy that is characterized by more severe symptoms, such as widespread skin lesions, nerve damage, and a weakened immune system.

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Tuberculoid Leprosy

A type of leprosy that is characterized by fewer and less severe symptoms, such as a few skin lesions and minimal nerve damage. The immune system is more responsive.

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Borrelia burgdorferi

A spirochete, like Treponema pallidum, that causes Lyme disease.

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Deer and other mammals

The primary hosts for Borrelia burgdorferi, which transmit the bacteria to humans.

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Erythema chronicum migrans

The first stage of Lyme disease, characterized by a distinctive skin lesion at the site of the tick bite.

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Leptospira

A genus of bacteria that includes the causative agent of leptospirosis.

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Leptospirosis

The disease caused by Leptospira interrogans, which is transmitted through contact with animal urine.

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Leptospirosis fever

The initial stage of leptospirosis, where spirochetes are present in the bloodstream.

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Leptospirosis complications

The later stage of leptospirosis, involving the invasion of organs like the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system.

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Leptospira interrogans

A tightly coiled spirochete that causes leptospirosis.

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Visualizing T. pallidum

T. pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, is extremely thin and cannot be visualized using traditional light microscopy. Special techniques like immunofluorescence or dark-field microscopy are needed to detect it.

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Primary Syphilis: The Chancre

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that goes through multiple stages. The primary stage is marked by a painless sore called a chancre at the infection site.

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Secondary Syphilis: The Systemic Spread

After the chancre heals, a period of no symptoms occurs. Then, syphilis enters the secondary stage, which can involve various parts of the body, including the liver, brain, and eyes.

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Tertiary Syphilis: The Late Stage

Following the secondary stage, syphilis goes dormant (latent). This phase can last years, and in some individuals, the disease progresses to a third stage.

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Tertiary Syphilis: Complications

The most severe form of syphilis, characterized by damage to the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and formation of granulomas.

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Congenital Syphilis: Fetal Infection

T. pallidum can cross the placenta and infect the fetus during the 10-15 weeks of pregnancy. This can lead to stillbirth or birth defects.

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Serological Diagnosis of Syphilis

Syphilis can be diagnosed through serological tests that detect the presence of antibodies against T. pallidum.

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Treatment and Prevention of Syphilis

Penicillin is the primary treatment for syphilis, and it is usually effective in a single dose. Alternative therapies like erythromycin or tetracyclines are available for patients with penicillin allergies.

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What is Chlamydia trachomatis?

C. trachomatis is a bacteria causing a sexually transmitted infection, non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), and eye infections.

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What is trachoma?

Trachoma is an ancient eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. It is still common in developing countries.

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What is Psittacosis?

Psittacosis, or ornithosis, is a zoonotic disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci, transmitted through inhalation of infected bird secretions.

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What is Chlamydia pneumoniae?

C. pneumoniae is a bacteria that causes respiratory infections like pharyngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. It's a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia.

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What are Rickettsia?

Rickettsia are Gram-negative, intracellular bacteria causing spotted fevers and typhus. They are classified into three phyla: Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Coxiella.

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What are Ehrlichia?

Ehrlichia are distinct from Rickettsia, having four genera with Ehrlichia and Anaplasma being crucial for human infections.

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What is Coxiella burnetii?

Coxiella burnetii is a bacterium that causes Q fever, a zoonotic disease transmitted through infected animals.

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What are Bartonella?

Bartonella are bacteria similar to Rickettsia but not belonging to the same taxonomic family. They cause various infections like cat scratch disease.

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Study Notes

Spirochetes, Mycobacteria, and Other Bacteria

  • Spirochetes, mycobacteria, and other bacteria are key microorganisms studied in microbiology.
  • Mycobacteria are slender rods with lipid-rich cell walls resistant to chemical dyes, staining poorly but intensely once stained .
  • The cell wall of mycobacteria prevents removal of the dye after staining.
  • Mycobacteria are acid-fast, meaning they cannot be decolorized by acidified organic solvents.
  • Mycobacterial infections often result in slow-growing granulomas, leading to significant tissue destruction.
  • Examples include Mycobacterium tuberculosis, causing tuberculosis, a chronic bacterial disease and leading cause of death from infection.
  • Mycobacteria have long slender rods that are non-motile and do not form spores.
  • They are strictly aerobic, grow slowly with a hydrophobic surface,promoting clumped growth, and resistant to drying but not heat or ultraviolet irradiation.
  • Important species include: Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Actinomycetes

  • Actinomycetes are filamentous, branching, gram-positive organisms.
  • They resemble fungi morphologically but are prokaryotes of bacterial size.
  • Common in soil, they are related to corynebacteria and mycobacteria, and are sources of important antibiotics.
  • Notable example is Actinomyces israelii.

Nocardia

  • Nocardia species are notable aerobic soil organisms.
  • Infections in humans and domestic animals are opportunistic and not transmitted from person to person.
  • A significant clinical condition involves pneumonia and a chronic course with abscesses and significant tissue necrosis.
  • Common Nocardia species: Nocardia asteroides, Nocardia brasiliensis.

Chlamydiae

  • Chlamydiae are exclusively intracellular parasites depending on the host cell for energy.
  • They grow in host cell vacuoles.
  • Important species include: Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci, and Chlamydia pneumoniae.
  • Chlamydia trachomatis causes genital and eye infections, such as nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and trachoma.
  • Chlamydia psittaci causes psittacosis and respiratory tract infections.
  • Chlamydia pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia in humans.
  • Transmission can occur via sexual contact, respiratory droplets, or inhalation of dried bird feces.

Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Coxiella, and Bartonella

  • Rickettsiae, Ehrlichia, Coxiella, and Bartonella are gram-negative intracellular bacteria.
  • They are causative agents of spotted fevers and related illnesses.
  • Key species of Rickettsia include: Rickettsia rickettsii causing Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rickettsia akari causing Rickettsialpox, Rickettsia prowazekii causing Epidemic typhus, Rickettsia typhi causing Endemic typhus, and Rickettsia tsutsugamushi causing Scrub typhus.
  • Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever
  • Ehrlichia are distinct from true rickettsiae, have four genera, with Ehrlichia and Anaplasma as important species in humans
  • Bartonella are similar bacteria but not members of the same taxonomic family.
  • Transmission often involves arthropods (ticks, lice, fleas, etc.) as vectors.

Mycoplasma

  • Mycoplasmas are small prokaryotic organisms without cell walls.
  • They have no peptidoglycan.
  • Key species are important causes of atypical pneumonia and genitourinary tract diseases including urethritis and pelvic inflammatory disease.
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae is responsible for primary atypical pneumonia.
  • Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum are associated with various genitourinary diseases such as urethritis.

Spirochetes

  • Spirochetes are long, slender, motile, and flexible bacteria with a distinctive spiral shape.
  • They are gram-negative bacilli.
  • Some species are aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative anaerobic; others cannot be grown in a lab.
  • Important species include: Treponema pallidum (syphilis); Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease); Borrelia recurrentis (relapsing fever); and Leptospira interrogans (leptospirosis).
  • Spirochetes have periplasmic flagella (axial filaments) that propel them in a corkscrew-like manner.
  • They are capable of penetrating host tissues.

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)

  • Causes syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease (STD).
  • Transmitted through direct contact.
  • Syphilis is characterized by three stages.
  • A primary chancre, a painless ulcer, marks the initial stage.
  • Secondary syphilis is accompanied by systemic involvement including rashes, and various symptoms and is typically followed by a latent period.
  • Tertiary syphilis may cause degeneration of the nervous system, and cardiovascular damage.
  • Can be transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy, potentially causing congenital syphilis.
  • Typically diagnosed using serological assays like FTA-ABS.
  • Treponema pallidum is fragile, fastidious and requires special laboratory techniques for culture; staining is typically done using immunofluoresence or dark-field microscopy.
  • Treatment: Usually a single penicillin injection for primary and secondary stages, alternative therapies like erythromycin/tetracycline may be used for patients with penicillin intolerance.

Borrelia Burgdorferi (Lyme Disease)

  • Causes Lyme Disease, an emerging infection.
  • Transmitted through the bite of infected ticks.
  • Characterized by a characteristic circular rash (erythema chronicum migrans) at the site of the tick bite, followed by possible neurological, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal symptoms.
  • Treated with antibiotics like penicillin, amoxicillin, doxycycline, and ceftriaxone.

Leptospira interrogans (Leptospirosis)

  • Causes leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease transmitted through water or food contaminated with urine.
  • Symptoms include fever, jaundice, and sometimes hemorrhage of tissue.
  • Typically diagnosed serologically.
  • Treated with antibiotics: penicillin or doxycycline.

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