Mycobacteria

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Which of the following is the primary mode of transmission for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Direct contact with infected animals

Inhalation of droplet nuclei (correct)

Transmission through blood transfusion

Ingestion of contaminated food

What are the symptoms of primary tuberculosis infection?

Fever and malaise (correct)

Severe cough and chest pain

Joint pain and muscle weakness

Nausea and vomiting

What is the role of cell mediated immunity (CMI) in containing the infection?

CMI increases the contagiousness of the disease

CMI eliminates bacteria from distal organs (correct)

CMI leads to the formation of fibrosis in the lungs

CMI causes miliary tuberculosis

Which of the following factors correlates with increased risk of tuberculosis infection?

Crowding Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with a disease that infiltrates in the apex of the lung on x-ray or cavitation, also called caseous necrosis, in more advanced disease?

Reactivation disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic X-ray finding in more advanced tuberculosis disease?

Infiltrates in the apex of the lung Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through lymphatic drainage?

Hilar lymphadenopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of initial multiplication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the body?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the formation of thousands of foci of multiplying organisms in tuberculosis?

Miliary tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic X-ray finding in more advanced tuberculosis disease?

Cavitation Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of primary tuberculosis infection?

Enlarged hilar lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary site where dormant M. tuberculosis organisms reside in the body?

noncalcified tubercles in the Lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is more likely to develop tuberculous meningitis in developing countries?

Children up to 4 years of age Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine can provide protection against tuberculous meningitis in children?

BCG Signup and view all the answers

Which type of patients are susceptible to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAC) infection?

HIV patients with CD4 count below 60/mm3 Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of MAC infection in HIV patients?

Fever, night sweats, chills, weight loss Signup and view all the answers

How is Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to drying, acid, alkali, and some disinfectants?

Intensely lipoidal cell walls Signup and view all the answers

Which stain is traditionally used to detect acid-fast bacilli (AFB)?

Ziehl-Neelsen stain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Respiratory droplets Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic property of M. tuberculosis that accounts for its acid fastness?

Intensely lipoidal cell walls Signup and view all the answers

How long does it typically take for cultures of M. tuberculosis to grow?

3 to 6 weeks or longer Signup and view all the answers

What temperature and duration of heating kills M. tuberculosis?

30 minutes at 60°C Signup and view all the answers

Which Mycobacteria screening method uses a mix of fluorescent dyes and is now routinely used to street for most mycobacteria?

Auramine 0 - Rhodamine stain Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for mediating immunity and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to M. tuberculosis?

T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to PPD?

It is positive in normal individuals with >15 mm erythema and induration. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about anergy?

It can occur in a primary infection. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the transfer of immunity to M. tuberculosis?

Immunity can be transferred with T cells in animal models. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the absence or loss of a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response?

Anergy Signup and view all the answers

Mycobacteria ....

inhibit phagolysosomal fusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic X-ray finding in more advanced tuberculosis disease?

Cavitation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune response is triggered by injection of PPD in individuals who have mounted a Th1 response to M. tuberculosis proteins?

Th1 response Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a positive Delayed-type Hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to PPD?

It indicates current or past TB infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about IL-12 and IFN-g deleted in the context of M. tuberculosis infection?

Hypersusceptible to M. Tb infection Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are targeted by the HIV virus in the context of M. tuberculosis infection?

CD4 Th1 cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a) in M. tuberculosis infection?

TNF-a is needed for granuloma formation and produced by macrophage Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Interferon-g Release Assays (IGRA) in the diagnosis of M. tuberculosis infection?

To detect sensitization to M. tuberculosis by measuring INF-g release Signup and view all the answers

What is the BCG vaccine derived from?

M. bovis Signup and view all the answers

Which medium is used for sputum culture in the laboratory diagnosis of M. tuberculosis?

Lowenstein-Jensen medium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended first-line drug for the treatment of M. tuberculosis?

Rifampin and Pyrazinamide Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the emergence of multi-drug resistant TB, which is resistant to isoniazid and rifampin?

MDR-TB Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the treatment of M. tuberculosis?

Multiple antibiotic regimens should be used due to high rate of drug resistance development Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe extensively drug resistant TB, which is resistant to a second line drug?

XDR-TB Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using multiple antibiotic regimens for the treatment of M. tuberculosis?

High rate of development of drug resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mycobacteria do not produce niacin?

Other mycobacteria Signup and view all the answers

What are the first-line drugs recommended for a 4 drug regimen in the treatment of M. tuberculosis?

Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol or streptomycin Signup and view all the answers

Mycobacteria

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Which of the following is the primary mode of transmission for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

What are the symptoms of primary tuberculosis infection?

What is the role of cell mediated immunity (CMI) in containing the infection?

Which of the following factors correlates with increased risk of tuberculosis infection?

Which of the following is associated with a disease that infiltrates in the apex of the lung on x-ray or cavitation, also called caseous necrosis, in more advanced disease?

What is the characteristic X-ray finding in more advanced tuberculosis disease?

What is the term used to describe the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through lymphatic drainage?

What is the primary site of initial multiplication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the body?

What is the term used to describe the formation of thousands of foci of multiplying organisms in tuberculosis?

What is the characteristic X-ray finding in more advanced tuberculosis disease?

What are the symptoms of primary tuberculosis infection?

Which of the following is the primary site where dormant M. tuberculosis organisms reside in the body?

Which age group is more likely to develop tuberculous meningitis in developing countries?

Which vaccine can provide protection against tuberculous meningitis in children?

Which type of patients are susceptible to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAC) infection?

What are the symptoms of MAC infection in HIV patients?

How is Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to drying, acid, alkali, and some disinfectants?

Which stain is traditionally used to detect acid-fast bacilli (AFB)?

What is the primary mode of transmission for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

What is the characteristic property of M. tuberculosis that accounts for its acid fastness?

How long does it typically take for cultures of M. tuberculosis to grow?

What temperature and duration of heating kills M. tuberculosis?

Which Mycobacteria screening method uses a mix of fluorescent dyes and is now routinely used to street for most mycobacteria?

Which cells are responsible for mediating immunity and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to M. tuberculosis?

Which of the following is true about delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to PPD?

Which of the following is true about anergy?

Which of the following is true about the transfer of immunity to M. tuberculosis?

What is the term used to describe the absence or loss of a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response?

Mycobacteria ....

What is the characteristic X-ray finding in more advanced tuberculosis disease?

Which type of immune response is triggered by injection of PPD in individuals who have mounted a Th1 response to M. tuberculosis proteins?

What is the significance of a positive Delayed-type Hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to PPD?

Which of the following is true about IL-12 and IFN-g deleted in the context of M. tuberculosis infection?

Which cells are targeted by the HIV virus in the context of M. tuberculosis infection?

What is the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a) in M. tuberculosis infection?

What is the purpose of Interferon-g Release Assays (IGRA) in the diagnosis of M. tuberculosis infection?

What is the BCG vaccine derived from?

Which medium is used for sputum culture in the laboratory diagnosis of M. tuberculosis?

Which of the following is a recommended first-line drug for the treatment of M. tuberculosis?

What is the term used to describe the emergence of multi-drug resistant TB, which is resistant to isoniazid and rifampin?

Which of the following is true about the treatment of M. tuberculosis?

What is the term used to describe extensively drug resistant TB, which is resistant to a second line drug?

What is the primary reason for using multiple antibiotic regimens for the treatment of M. tuberculosis?

Which of the following mycobacteria do not produce niacin?

What are the first-line drugs recommended for a 4 drug regimen in the treatment of M. tuberculosis?

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