Tuberculosis Throughout History
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the top cause of infectious death worldwide, excluding COVID-19?

  • Infectious pulmonary TB
  • Tuberculosis (correct)
  • Bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
  • Mycobacterial Diseases

    • What is the curability rate of TB caused by drug-susceptible strains when properly treated?

  • Nearly 100% (correct)
  • Less than 50%
  • Around 30%
  • Over 70%

    • How is TB most commonly transmitted?

  • Through direct skin-to-skin contact
  • Through sexual contact
  • Through contaminated food
  • Through the airborne spread of droplet nuclei (correct)

    • What is the genetic variability among M. tuberculosis strains from different parts of the world important for?

    <p>Identifying outbreaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely age of emergence of M. tuberculosis based on population genomic studies?

    <p>70,000 years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In how many cases can TB be eventually fatal if left untreated?

    <p>Over 70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs are involved in up to one-third of TB cases?

    <p>Other organs besides the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pharmacological prophylaxis in relation to TB?

    <p>Preventing the development of the disease in those who have contracted TB infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle is indicated by the content (65.6%) of M. tuberculosis?

    <p>Aerobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did M. tuberculosis start to expand globally?

    <p>During the Neolithic Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method was initially used for genotyping the bacterium in the 1990s?

    <p>IS6110</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 2019, how many new cases of TB were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO)?

    <p>7.1 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries accounted for two-thirds of all new TB cases in 2019?

    <p>India, Indonesia, China, Philippines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of TB cases occurred in male patients?

    <p>57%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Mycobacteria is the most common and important agent of human disease?

    <p>M. tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is characteristically resistant to pyrazinamide and was once transmitted by unpasteurized milk?

    <p>M. bovis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of M. tuberculosis, measured in micrometers?

    <p>0.5 μm by 3 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic justifies the classification of mycobacteria as acid-fast bacilli (AFB)?

    <p>Their high content of mycolic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of deaths from TB in 2019, including deaths among people with HIV co-infection?

    <p>1.4 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is NOT a member of the M. tuberculosis complex?

    <p>M. pinnipedii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what were some factors that contributed to the increase in reported cases of TB in high-income countries in the late 1980s and early 1990s?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what was the average decline rate of reported TB cases in the United States between 2007 and 2012?

    <p>6.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the annual decline rate of reported TB cases in the United States between 2012 and 2019?

    <p>2.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what were the TB mortality rates in HIV-negative people in 2018?

    <p>5-19 per 100,000 population per year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what percentage of the MDR-TB cases worldwide may be XDR-TB?

    <p>6.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, why do the vast majority of XDR-TB cases remain undiagnosed?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the most common mode of transmission of M. tuberculosis?

    <p>Through airborne droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the legal status of the countries, territories, cities, or areas mentioned in the text?

    <p>The text does not provide information about the legal status of these places</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, why must information about cases deemed resistant to all anti-TB drugs be interpreted with caution?

    <p>Because susceptibility testing for several second-line drugs is both inaccurate and not reproducible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what are the new definitions published by WHO?

    <p>Pre-XDR-TB and XDR-TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

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