Tuberculosis 1

Demographic Groups Affected by Tuberculosis Stigma

• Individuals living in poverty
• People living with HIV/AIDS
• Migrants
• People in prison
• Ethnic minorities

Comparison of TB and HIV/AIDS Impact

• In 2022, TB killed 1.6 million people, while HIV/AIDS deaths were estimated at 650,000
• TB remains a leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide

Global Commitment to Tuberculosis

• End TB Strategy: Aimed at ending the TB epidemic by 2030
• Includes reducing TB deaths by 95% and incidence by 90%

Consequences of Stigma in TB

• Delays in seeking treatment
• Difficulty accessing healthcare services
• Social isolation
• Discrimination
• Mental health issues

Role of the World Health Organisation (WHO)

• Develops and provides global TB prevention and treatment guidelines
• Supports countries in strengthening their TB programs
• Conducts research on TB and its control
• Monitors global TB trends

Causative Agent of TB

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing bacterium

Common Symptoms of TB

• Coughing (with or without phlegm)
• Fever
• Night sweats
• Weight loss
• Fatigue

Risk Factor Associated with Active TB

• HIV/AIDS - Individuals with suppressed immune systems are at higher risk

Diabetes and TB

• Diabetes increases the likelihood of developing active TB
• May cause more serious illness and delayed response to treatment

Preventative Treatment Dosages

• Isoniazid: Typically 300 mg daily

Tuberculosis Treatment Duration

• Short-course treatment: 3-4 months

Side Effects of Vitamin B6 Deficiency

• Peripheral neuropathy: Damage to the nerves of the hands and feet

Emerging Trend in TB Treatment Duration

• Shorter treatment regimens: Becoming more common, aiming to improve patient adherence

Global TB Burden in 2022

• Estimated 10.6 million people fell ill with TB

Multidrug-Resistant TB Treatment Access in 2022

• 53% of people with multidrug-resistant TB accessed treatment

Type of Drug-Resistant TB

• Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB): Resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin

Funding Needed for TB Elimination

• $13.6 billion per year is needed to achieve the global target for TB by 2028

Classification for TB Resistant to One Drug

• Monoresistant TB: Resistance to one specific drug, likely isoniazid

Testing for TB Genetic Mutations

• Genotypic drug susceptibility testing: Identifies mutations in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA

Effect of Increased Case Notification

• Increased TB burden: Reflects a higher number cases in high TB burdened settings

Process of Stigma

• The association of tuberculosis with poverty, illness, and death
• Misconceptions about the disease and its transmission
• Fear and discrimination by communities and Healthcare providers

Primary Goal of TB Laboratory Testing

• To diagnose TB accurately and quickly
• Determine drug sensitivity for effective treatment

Lives Saved Through TB Efforts

• 40 million lives saved since 2000

Extensively Drug-Resistant TB

• Resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, plus at least one fluoroquinolone and one injectable second-line drug

Reducing TB Spread

• Effective TB prevention and treatment programs
• Improving access to healthcare

Slow TB Testing Method

• Culture-based testing: Involves growing the bacteria, which can take several weeks

Funding Needed for Global TB Response

• $13.6 billion annually

Drug-Resistant TB with Resistance to One Drug

• Monoresistant TB

Lives Saved by Global TB Efforts

• 40 million

Stigma in TB

• Discrimination and social ostracization
• Delayed or avoided treatment
• Negative emotional effects

TB Diagnoses in 2022

• 10.6 million people were diagnosed with TB

TB Genetic Testing

• Genotypic drug susceptibility testing: Identifies mutations in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA

What is MDR-TB

• Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis that is resistant to at least two of the most powerful first-line anti-TB drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin. This means that MDR-TB is much harder to treat than ordinary TB.

Consequences of TB Stigma

• Delayed diagnosis and treatment
• Exclusion from society and difficulty accessing healthcare

Treatment Facts

• Treatment of active TB usually lasts 6-9 months.

Demographic Groups Affected

• People living with HIV/AIDS
• Migrants
• The poor

WHO's Strategy for TB

• To provide access to quality TB diagnosis and treatment.
• To support countries in eliminating TB through effective healthcare systems.

The Role of Diagnostic Delay in TB

• Delayed diagnosis can lead to spread of the disease
• More severe TB illness
• Delayed treatment

The Global TB Burden

• The majority of TB cases occur in low and middle-income countries.

Truth about the Global TB Problem

• The global TB problem is a complex issue requiring comprehensive approaches, not just medical treatment.

A Critical Feature of Drug-Resistant TB

• Treatment is longer, more complex, and often involves more toxic drugs.

Risk Factors for TB

• Close contact with someone who has TB
• Weakened immune system
• Certain medical conditions such as HIV/AIDS and diabetes

Global TB Initiative

• "End TB Strategy" -- aims to end the TB epidemic by 2030.

Symptoms of TB

• Coughing
• Fever
• Night Sweats
• Weight Loss
• Fatigue

TB in Patients with Diabetes

• Patients with diabetes are more likely to develop active TB.
• May experience more severe illness and delayed response to treatment.

Rifampicin Dosage

• 600 mg daily

TB Risk Factor

• HIV/AIDS

Preventative TB Treatment

• Isoniazid for 6-9 months

Night Sweats in TB

• Sign of active TB infection

Misconception About TB Treatment in Children

• Children sometimes don't do well with injectable TB treatment

Vitamin B6 During TB Treatment

• Can help prevent neuropathy, a side effect of some TB medications

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

• A slow-growing bacterium
• Can survive within immune cells
• Resistant to many common antibiotics