Tuberculosis Overview Quiz

<p>Chronic tuberculosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary tuberculosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asia, Africa, and Eastern Europe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevent relapse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient non-compliance and/or inadequate treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It alters the walls of mycobacteria by inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3 to 6 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kanamycin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multidrug resistance to first-line drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-compliance and long treatment durations leading to relapses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It easily diffuses through various tissues, including the blood-brain barrier (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bedaquiline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcoholism and previous liver disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generates an acidic environment affecting fatty acid synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seizures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients with a history of hypersensitivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea and vomiting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes body fluids to turn orange. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isoniazid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altering the synthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatotoxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of drug-resistant organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combination of isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol for at least 12 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatotoxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has severe adverse reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mycobacterium leprae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lepromatous leprosy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypopigmented maculae with no sensation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver and cardiac toxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analogue of sulfonamides inhibiting folate synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amikacin is preferred due to its lesser toxicity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dapsone, rifampin, and clofazimine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most leprosy cases in the U.S. occur in locals born there. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It antagonizes folate synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brazil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cycloserine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>500 mg once daily (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephrotoxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multi-drug resistant strains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a bactericide, inhibiting bacterial ATP-synthetase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the entire treatment duration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A chronic lung disease caused by mycobacteria, primarily affecting the lungs but capable of spreading to other organs and tissues.

A group of mycobacteria responsible for tuberculosis, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum, and Mycobacterium microti.

The initial infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, characterized by nonspecific symptoms like fatigue, weight loss, and general malaise.

A re-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in previously infected individuals, resulting in more extensive lung damage and potentially hemoptoic sputum (coughing up blood).

The spread of tuberculosis through the bloodstream to other organs and tissues, leading to various extrapulmonary manifestations.

The process of inhaling airborne droplets containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis, typically through sneezing or coughing, leading to infection.

The primary treatment goal of tuberculosis is the rapid elimination of bacteria, prevention of relapse, and avoiding further spread of the disease.

A significant health concern arising from the development of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs due to non-compliance with treatment or insufficient treatment regimens.

The use of two or more medications simultaneously to treat tuberculosis.

A period of three to six months where tuberculosis treatment continues even after sputum cultures test negative for the bacteria.

Treatment strategy aimed at preventing new infections in individuals close to a tuberculosis patient.

The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to resist the effects of anti-tuberculosis drugs.

The primary targets for anti-tuberculosis drugs.

The first line of defense against tuberculosis, including Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, Streptomycin, and Pyrazinamide.

Drugs used to treat tuberculosis when resistance to first-line drugs develops.

The mechanism of action of Isoniazid, a first-line anti-tuberculosis drug.

A first-line anti-tuberculosis drug that inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis, stopping the bacteria from making essential proteins.

Rifampin is a powerful drug that can accelerate the breakdown of other medications in the body. This can make those other medicines less effective.

A first-line anti-tuberculosis drug that is converted into an active form in the body, then disrupts the bacteria's metabolism.

This is the most common and important ADR of RIF, occurring at higher doses.

This is the primary use of RIF in medicine. It attacks tuberculosis bacteria effectively.

Any side effect harmful or unwanted effects of a drug. Some are mild, some can be severe.

This is a common adverse reaction to both isoniazid and rifampin, especially in patients with pre-existing conditions.

A drug used to treat tuberculosis (TB) that works by interfering with the formation of mycobacterial cell walls.

A type of tuberculosis treatment that includes an initial phase of 2 months with rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide, followed by 4 months of rifampin and isoniazid. It is typically used for non-severe cases.

A type of tuberculosis treatment that includes an initial phase of 2 months with rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide, followed by 7 months of rifampin and isoniazid. It is typically used for HIV-positive patients.

A type of tuberculosis treatment that includes an initial phase of 2 months with rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide, followed by 12 months of rifampin and isoniazid. It is typically used for severe cases.

Drugs used to treat tuberculosis when first-line drugs are ineffective or cause serious side effects. These drugs are typically more toxic and have lower efficacy than first-line drugs.

A second-line anti-tuberculosis drug used for treating tuberculosis when resistance to first-line drugs occurs. It works by interfering with the synthesis of mycolic acids, essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall.

A first-line anti-tuberculosis drug that interferes with the synthesis of mycolic acids, essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall, by inhibiting the enzyme enoyl reductase. It is effective in treating tuberculosis, especially in cases of relapse or resistance to other drugs.

A first-line anti-tuberculosis drug that inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall, by interfering with the enzyme enoyl reductase. It is used primarily for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

A first-line anti-tuberculosis drug that inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall, by inhibiting the enzyme enoyl reductase. It is effective in treating tuberculosis but can cause visual disturbances and gastrointestinal problems.

A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It mainly affects the skin and peripheral nerves, but can also involve other organs.

Leprosy can be classified based on the body's reaction to the bacteria. Tuberculoid leprosy has fewer skin lesions and is associated with less severe nerve damage. Lepromatous leprosy affects more skin and other organs, leading to more severe complications.

Dapsone, rifampin, and clofazimine are the primary drugs used to treat leprosy. They work by slowing or stopping the growth of Mycobacterium leprae.

Dapsone is a drug that blocks the production of folate, a nutrient essential for bacterial growth.

Resistance to leprosy medication can occur if a patient takes low doses of the drug or doesn't take it consistently. Combination therapy and proper dosage are crucial for effective treatment.

The main drugs used to treat leprosy - Dapsone, Rifampin, and Clofazimine - are typically used in combination therapy to ensure effective treatment and a lower chance of resistance developing.

Leprosy affects millions globally, but the number of cases is decreasing. Most cases occur in India, Brazil, and Indonesia, but it's important to remember that healthcare systems in these countries are often overstretched.

In the United States, the majority of leprosy cases are found in people who have migrated from developing countries. This emphasizes the importance of global collaboration for better treatments and prevention measures.

A peptide antibiotic derived from Streptomyces capreolus. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting mycobacterial protein synthesis. It is given via intramuscular injection at a dosage of 15 mg/kg/day. Capreomycin plays a crucial role in treating drug-resistant tuberculosis cases.

A second-line anti-TB drug that inhibits cell wall synthesis. Effective concentrations for inhibiting many M. tuberculosis strains range from 15-20 mg/mL. The recommended dosage is 0.5-1 g/day divided into two doses. Adverse effects during the first two weeks of therapy can include peripheral neuropathy and central nervous system disorders.

An anti-TB drug with a mechanism of action similar to sulfonamides. It acts as an antagonist of folate synthesis by mimicking PABA acid, which is essential for the growth of M. tuberculosis. PAS is rarely used due to poor tolerance.

Aminoglycoside antibiotics, effective against streptomycin-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. Kanamycin is used, but amikacin is preferred due to its lower toxicity. Administered intravenously or intramuscularly at a dose of 20-40 mg/kg/day for several weeks followed by 1-1.5 g 2-3 times a week for several months. Always used in combination with other anti-TB drugs.

A class of antibiotics that inhibit DNA gyrase, an enzyme essential for bacterial DNA replication. Ciprofloxacin is administered orally at a dose of 750 mg twice daily. Levofloxacin is given orally at a dose of 500-750 mg once daily. Used in multidrug-resistant TB infections, always in combination with two or more other active drugs.

An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Used in multidrug-resistant TB infections, in combination with two or more other active drugs. Administered orally at a dose of 600 mg once daily.

A bactericidal drug that inhibits bacterial ATP-synthetase, an enzyme essential for energy production in bacteria. Administered orally. Metabolized in the liver and eliminated through feces. Given in combination with at least 3 active drugs for a 24-week treatment. The dosage regimen involves 400 mg once daily for 2 weeks, followed by 200 mg 3 times weekly for 22 weeks.

Third-line drugs are used to treat tuberculosis when patients have developed resistance to both first and second-line drugs. They often have more severe side effects and are used with caution. These drugs are typically reserved for cases of highly drug-resistant tuberculosis.