Tuberculosis Overview Quiz
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Tuberculosis Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main cause of infectious death worldwide?

  • HIV/AIDS
  • Malaria
  • Tuberculosis (correct)
  • Influenza
  • How many distinct subgroups are there within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex?

  • Seven
  • Eight (correct)
  • Six
  • Five
  • What characteristic primarily makes M.tuberculosis resistant to antibiotics?

  • Presence of spores
  • High content of mycolic acids (correct)
  • Low virulence
  • Affinity for acidic environments
  • In untreated cases of tuberculosis, what percentage of patients may be fatal within 5 years?

    <p>50–65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for tuberculosis?

    <p>Airborne spread of droplet nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Mycobacterium is most common and important in tuberculosis?

    <p>M.tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature of M.tuberculosis increases its survival within macrophages?

    <p>Lipoarabinomannan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism is M.tuberculosis categorized as?

    <p>Rod-shaped aerobic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of transmission for tuberculosis (TB)?

    <p>Droplet nuclei through aerosolized particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries accounted for two-thirds of all new TB cases reported in 2019?

    <p>India, Indonesia, China, the Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and South Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MDR-TB stand for?

    <p>Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes XDR-TB?

    <p>Resistance to rifampin and any fluoroquinolone plus one additional Group A drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary reason for the increase in TB cases in industrialized countries during the 1980s-90s?

    <p>Spread of the HIV epidemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of MDR-TB cases that may actually be XDR-TB but remain undiagnosed?

    <p>6.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acid-fast bacilli are typically associated with which of the following conditions?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what ways can tuberculosis be transmitted through the skin?

    <p>Through the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • Tuberculosis is an ancient disease prevalent across the globe, known to affect humans for over 70,000 years.
    • The global leading cause of infectious mortality.
    • Commonly affects the lungs, but can impact other organs in around one-third of cases.
    • Curable with appropriate treatment, with drug-susceptible strains showing high rates of successful recovery.
    • Untreated tuberculosis has a high fatality rate within 5 years, affecting 50-65% of individuals.
    • Transmission occurs through inhalation of infected droplets released while coughing, sneezing, or speaking.

    Etiologic Agent

    • Mycobacterium tuberculosis, classified in the Mycobacteriaceae family of the Actinomycetales order.
    • Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex encompasses eight subgroups:
      • M.tuberculosis, the most prevalent and significant.
      • M.africanum, found in West, Central, and East Africa.
      • M.bovis and M.caprae, zoonotic strains.
      • M.pinnipedii, affecting seals and sea lions.
      • M.mungi, found in mongooses.
      • M.orygis, found in oryxes and bovids.
      • M.microti, a less virulent strain.
      • M.canetti, a rare strain, closely related to a hypothetical ancestor.
    • Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
      • Rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, aerobic bacterium.
      • Measures approximately 0.5 μm by 3 μm.
      • Acid-fast bacillus: retains stain even after acid alcohol treatment.
      • High lipid content, with mycolic acids and other cell wall lipids contributing to its acid-fastness property.
      • Lipids create a barrier, reducing antibiotic effectiveness.
      • Lipoarabinomannan: plays a role in host interaction and facilitates survival within macrophages.

    Epidemiology

    • World Health Organization reported 7.1 million new tuberculosis cases in 2019, but estimated 10 million actual cases.
    • Low and middle-income countries account for 97% of reported cases.
    • Eight countries represent two-thirds of new cases: India, Indonesia, China, the Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and South Africa.
    • Rise in tuberculosis cases observed in industrialized countries between the 1980s and 1990s attributed to:
      • Immigration from regions with high tuberculosis prevalence.
      • HIV epidemic spread.
      • Social factors like poverty, homelessness, and drug abuse.
      • The decline of tuberculosis services.

    Epidemiology Continued

    • Tuberculosis incidence remains stable or declining, at a rate of 1.7% since the 2000s.
    • RR-TB (rifampin-resistant tuberculosis).
    • MDR-TB (multidrug-resistant tuberculosis): Resistant to isoniazid and rifampin.
    • XDR-TB (extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis): Resistant to powerful second-line drugs including fluoroquinolones and at least one injectable drug (amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin).
    • Diagnostic challenges: Only 44% of XDR-TB cases are identified due to inadequate culture and drug susceptibility testing capacity.
    • WHO's updated definitions:
      • Pre-XDR-TB: MDR/RR-TB with resistance to any fluoroquinolone.
      • XDR-TB: MDR/RR-TB with resistance to any fluoroquinolone and at least one Group A drug (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, bedaquiline, or linezolid).
      • Approximately 6.2% of MDR-TB cases are potentially XDR-TB, but often go undetected due to limited drug susceptibility testing capacity

    Exposure to Infection

    • Primarily through inhalation of droplet nuclei aerosolized during coughing, sneezing, or speaking.
    • Other routes:
      • Skin, placenta, but generally uncommon.
    • Droplet nuclei:
      • Tiny particles that quickly dry.
      • Smallest particles, measuring less than 5 μm, are most effective in transmission, as larger particles are often trapped in the upper airways and expelled by cilia.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on tuberculosis, an ancient disease that remains a leading cause of infectious mortality worldwide. This quiz covers its etiology, transmission, and the impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Learn about the various strains and their effects on human health.

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