Tuberculosis in Children

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Questions and Answers

What action should be taken in response to minor side effects caused by Isoniazide?

Change to a different medication

Adjust the dosage and prescribe pyridoxine (correct)

Increase the dosage for better effect

Stop the treatment immediately

Which of the following is NOT a major side effect associated with Rifampicine?

Nausea (correct)

Purpura

Anuria

Hepatitis with jaundice

In which situation is Prednisolone NOT indicated?

Acute hematological miliary

Tuberculosis of serous membranes

Mediastinal adenopathy with ventilation trouble

Severe allergic reaction to medications (correct)

What is the required action for patients experiencing optic neuritis due to Ethambutol?

Completely and permanently stop the treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the effectiveness of the tuberculosis treatment?

Includes the disappearance of general signs and appetite restoration Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a risk factor for tuberculosis?

High socioeconomic status Signup and view all the answers

What type of tuberculosis infection is characterized as latent?

Tuberculosis-infection Signup and view all the answers

Which agent is primarily responsible for tuberculous infections in humans?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the method of indirect contamination of tuberculosis?

Consumption of contaminated food Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the epidemiology of tuberculosis is correct?

It is the leading infectious disease in terms of morbidity and mortality Signup and view all the answers

Which condition does NOT significantly affect tuberculosis severity?

Lack of physical exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of direct transmission of tuberculosis?

Aerosolized droplets from coughing Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes miliary tuberculosis?

It is more common in infants, especially within the first five years. Signup and view all the answers

What is typically observed in the thoracic radiography of pulmonary tuberculosis?

Presence of segmental opacities and possible cavitary lesions. Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is most associated with pleural tuberculosis?

Exudate with lymphocyte predominance and protein levels over 30 g/L. Signup and view all the answers

For abdominal tuberculosis, which clinical feature can present diagnostic challenges?

Gastrointestinal issues resembling Crohn's disease. Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is prominently associated with respiratory tuberculosis?

Hemoptysis and cough. Signup and view all the answers

Which age group has the lowest incidence of pleural effusion associated with tuberculosis?

Infants under 2 years. Signup and view all the answers

How is tuberculous meningitis typically diagnosed?

Systematic lumbar puncture for analysis. Signup and view all the answers

What condition can be misdiagnosed as lymphoma when considering mesenteric tuberculosis?

Lymphadenopathy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic finding in the thoracic X-ray of miliary tuberculosis?

Diffuse micronodular pattern across both lung fields. Signup and view all the answers

Which complication can arise due to abdominal tuberculosis?

Intestinal occlusion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant characteristic of tuberculosis in children?

It can affect any part of the lung. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the immune response to inhaled BK that is not completely destroyed?

Formation of a caseous necrotic lesion. Signup and view all the answers

What does a lymphatic and hematogenous dissemination of tuberculosis most likely result in?

Acute severe tuberculosis. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor indicates a latent primary infection of tuberculosis?

No radiological signs of tuberculosis. Signup and view all the answers

What type of lesions are commonly observed in the elementary lesions of tuberculosis?

Leuko-fibrinous macrophagic inflammatory follicle. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary radiological finding in primary tuberculosis infection?

Mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with symptoms of tuberculosis?

Weight gain. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of caseification followed by liquefaction in TB infections?

Possible reactivation of the bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

In a latent tuberculosis infection, which of the following characteristics would be observed?

Positive IDR but absence of symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment regimen for a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis that has a positive smear?

2RHZE for 2 months followed by 4RH Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should not be prescribed without a pre-treatment ophthalmological examination?

Ethambutol Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of tuberculous meningitis, which is the correct treatment phase and duration?

2RHZE for 2 months, then 10RH Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum dosage of Isoniazide (H) per day for adults in the treatment of tuberculosis?

600 mg Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following combinations is appropriate for treating a child weighing less than 25 kg?

RHZ (75mg/50mg/150mg) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended follow-up duration for checking the weight and clinical examination post-treatment initiation?

Every 2 weeks, then at 2, 5, and 6 months Signup and view all the answers

Which condition would require a personalized treatment due to resistance?

Multi-resistant tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended initial treatment for pleural effusion due to tuberculosis?

2RHZ for 2 months followed by 4RH Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct maximum dose of Pyrazinamide (Z) for adults?

1200 mg Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason to conduct a pre-therapeutic assessment?

Assessment of adherence Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB) in children is a significant public health concern.
TB is a preventable and curable disease.
Diagnosis is challenging, relying on a combination of factors.
Prevalence is moderate in Algeria, with a focus on children under 15 years old, ranging from 7-10%.
Risk factors include family history, high-incidence areas, poverty, overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, and HIV infection.
Malnutrition is also a contributing factor.

Epidemiology

One-third of the global population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB).
Globally, 9.3 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths occur yearly.
There's declining prevalence in developed countries, but it remains a major concern.
TB is one of the most common infectious diseases in terms of morbidity and mortality, especially in context of HIV-positive status.

Pathophysiology

The main pathogen is Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, primarily Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Transmission is airborne through respiratory droplets.
Initial infection involves phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages, leading to potential immunity or progression.
Chronic infection can result in the formation of tubercles, possible spread via lymphatic and blood systems, and subsequent reactivation.
Different forms exist based on localization and severity.

Diagnostic

Latent infection can be detected via the Mantoux test.
Active disease can be diagnosed using a combination of clinical symptoms, radiological findings, and laboratory tests.
Differentiation between latent and active TB is crucial.
Accurate diagnosis requires careful evaluation of clinical presentation.
Particular attention is given to children, as presentations may differ from adults.

Treatment

First-line anti-TB drugs are used initially.
Treatment plans vary dependent on TB type and severity.
Adjuvant therapies may be necessary.
Adherence to the full treatment regimen is critical to avoid drug resistance.
Patient monitoring is essential for managing treatment side effects.

Prevention

Vaccination (BCG) is a crucial component of TB prevention.
Early detection and treatment of TB in community members are essential to reduce transmission.

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Description

This quiz explores the epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology of tuberculosis (TB) in children. It highlights the significant public health challenges posed by TB, particularly in regions like Algeria, and examines how factors such as poverty and malnutrition contribute to its prevalence. Test your understanding of this crucial topic in child health.